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Title: Supplice d'un homme et d'une femme adulteres a Juda
Description: A woman accused of adultery is burned at the stake in front of a large crowd in Juda (French Guiana). A man accused of the same sits in a pit next to her and watches as her body is consumed by flames and smoke. (Presumably, he is about to receive the same punishment.) Drummers, men with rifles, and women carrying pots number among the hundreds of onookers. The women's pots may contain some type of accelerant, for one of the women pours liquid onto the head of the adulterous man., Fold-out plate in Jean Baptiste Labat's Voyage du chevalier Des Marchais en Guinée, isles voisines, et a Cayenne, Fait en 1725, 1726, & 1727 (A Amsterdam: aux dépens de la Compaigne, M.DCC.XXXI [1731], vol. 2, p. 66., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1731]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1731 Lab 1691.D v 2 p 66, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2669

Title: Habillement des grands / Habillement des Femmes du Roy
Description: The plate accompanies Chapter VIII, "Mouers & Coûtumes du Royaume de Juda." The engraving on the left shows the dress of the nobility and the King's wives in Juda (now in French Guiana). Their headwear is particularly notable, with the King's wife wearing a tall straw bonnet. The image on the right shows various weapons, tools, and musical instruments used by the people of Juda, and includes an iron flute, a drum, a hoe, a bow and arrow, and swords made from iron and wood., Fold-out plate in Jean Baptiste Labat's Voyage du chevalier Des Marchais en Guinée, isles voisines, et a Cayenne, Fait en 1725, 1726, & 1727 (A Amsterdam: aux dépens de la Compaigne, M.DCC.XXXI [1731], vol. 2, p. 194., The key underneath the engraving on the left reads as follows: "1. Instrument fait en Visse rempli d'anneaux de Cuivre au bout du quel est un Coq de Cuivre servant a la musique du Roy. 2. Cruche de terre Couverte de peau servant de tambour pour les Femmes du Roy. 3. Panier dozier rempli de Cocquilles qui sert a la musique du Roy.", Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1731]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1731 Lab 1691.D v 2 p 194, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2964

Title: Negro bridge over the Senegal
Description: Various aspects of the scene correspond with observations raised in Myer's text. For instance, in the lower left-hand corner of the image, a man kills a crocodile in a way that Myers described as typical in West Africa: by wrapping his arm in a piece of strong dried skin and plunging it as far as possible into the crocodile's mouth. With the aid of a flexible wooden hoop, another figure climbs a tree in order to procure sap for palm-wine, a popular beverage. In the center of the scene, several slaves march in single file over a bridge. Led by two European colonizers, they are bound together by collars connected to a pole that rests on their shoulders., Plate in Thomas Myer's New and Comprehensive System of Modern Geography, Mathematical, Physical, Political, and Commercial (London: Printed for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, Paternoster-Row, 1822), p. 436., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Creator: Storer, engraver
Date: July 1, 1820
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Am 1822 Myer 1820.Q p 436, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2725

Title: Nigritae exhaustis venis metallicis conficiendo saccharo operam dare debent
Description: This woodcut is one of the earliest known illustrations of sugar making in the New World. In the right foreground, two slaves gather and strip stalks of sugar cane. Kneeling on the ground in the center of the scene, another slave feeds the stalks into a sugar mill. In the lower left-hand corner, the sugar juice extracted from the stalks is boiled in a large cauldron; the unrefined sugar is placed in the pots next to it. In the background, numerous slaves are show at work: some cut cane in the fields, some carry it in bundles, others transport pots of unrefined sugar., Plate I Girolamo Benzoni's Americae pars quinta nobilis & admiratione plena Hieronymi Bezoni Mediolanensis, secundae sectionis h[istor]ia[e] Hispanorum: tum in Indos crudelitatem, Gallorumq[ue] pirataru[m] de Hispanis toties reportata spolia: . . . (Francofurti ad Moenum: Theodoro de Bry. Leod. cive Franc, 1595), part V of DeBry's Voyages., DeBry's illustration is based on the following passage in Benzoni's text from the translation of his work by W.H. Smith: "When the natives of this island (Espanola) began to be extirpated, the Spaniards provided themselves with blacks (Mori) from Guinea . . . and they have brought great numbers thence. When there were mines, they made them work at the gold and silver; but since those came to an end they have increased the sugar-works, and in these and in tending the flocks they are chiefly occupied, besides serving their masters in all else." (History of the New World by Girolamo Benzoni, of Milan. Shewing his travels in America, from A.D. 1541 to 1556 . . . Now first translated, and edited by Rear-Admiral W.H. Smyth (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1857) p. 93., Illustrations in part V of Benzoni's Voyages were engraved by Theodor DeBry after drawings by Joannes Stradanus., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Work Scenes.
Creator: Bry, Theodor de, 1528-1598, engraver
Date: [1595]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Am 1590 Har (b.w) Log 1076.F plate I, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2658

Title: Nigritae in scrutandis venis metallicis ab Hispanis in Insulas Abelgantur
Description: This mining scene is one of the earliest known illustrations of slave labor in the New World. Under the supervision of the Spaniards, several slaves pour buckets of molten metal onto the ground; others work in the caves seen in the background., Plate II in Girolamo Benzoni's Americae pars quinta nobilis & admiratione plena Hieronymi Bezoni Mediolanensis, secundae sectionis h[istor]ia[e] Hispanorum: tum in Indos crudelitatem, Gallorumq[ue] pirataru[m] de Hispanis toties reportata spolia: . . . (Francofurti ad Moenum: Theodoro de Bry. Leod. cive Franc, 1595), part V of DeBry's Voyages., DeBry's illustration is based on the following passage in Benzoni's text from the translation of his work by W.H. Smyth: "When the natives of this island (Espanola) began to be extirpated, the Spaniards provided themselves with blacks (Mori) from Guinea . . . and they have brought great numbers thence. When there were mines, they made them work at the gold and silver; but since those came to an end they have increased the sugar-works, and in these and in tending the flocks they are chiefly occupied, besides serving their masters in all else." (History of the New World by Girolamo Benzoni, of Milan. Shewing his travels in America, from A.D. 1541 to 1556 . . . Now first translated, and edited by Rear-Admiral W.H. Smyth (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1857) p. 93., Illustrations in part V of DeBry's Voyages were engraved by Theodor DeBry after drawings by Joannes Stradanus., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Work Scenes.
Creator: Bry, Theodor de, 1528-1598, engraver
Date: [1595]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Am 1590 Har (b.w) Log 1076.F plate II, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2659

Title: [Scenes from Guinea]
Description: Three illustrations accompanying Taylor's discussion of Guinea. In figure 34, two Europeans try to kidnap an African family to sell them into slavery. Of this practice, Taylor wrote: "they [the Europeans] lie in wait near a village during the day, and catch any stragglers; but at night they come and set fire to their huts in several places; when the poor creatures run out in terror and confusion, then the soldiers seize upon all they can catch, and hurry them away to the sea-side, to sell them." (p. 62) Figure 35 shows the plan of a slave ship. Taylor described the conditions on board as follows, "only sixteen inches each, in width, are allowed for the men, and less still for women and children. There they lie, so close, that it is impossible to walk among them, without treading upon them." (p. 63) Figure 36 depicts slaves being sold at auction. Each slave, Taylor explained, was forced to stand on a hogshead, for easier inspection, while the planters offered their bids., Page of illustrations in Isaac Taylor's Scenes in Africa , for the Amusement and Instruction of Little Tarry-at-Home Travellers (New York: W.B. Gilley, 94 Broadway, 1827), p. 60., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1827]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1827 Taylor 101580.D p 60, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2729

Title: View of the Capitol of the United States after the conflagration in 1814
Description: Engraving is set in 1815 in Washington, DC, where a group of bound slaves passes in front of the burned-out Capitol building en route to Georgia. Two allegorical figures, one of whom represents Liberty, float on a smoke cloud above the building. The frontispiece relates to Torrey's musings as to whether "the Sovereign Father of all nations" permitted the burning of the Capitol as a "fiery, though salutary signal of his displeasure at the conduct of his Columbian children, in erecting and idolizing this splendid fabric as the temple of freedom, and at the same time oppressing with the yoke of captivity and toilsome bondage, twelve of fifteen hundred of their African brethren (by logical induction), making merchandise of their blood, and dragging their bodies with iron chains, even under its towering walls." Torrey then commented, "Yet it is a fact, that slaves are employed in rebuilding this sanctuary of liberty.", Frontispiece for Jesse Torrey's A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery, in the United States (Philadelphia: Published by the author. John Bioren, printer, 1817)., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Lawson, Alexander, 1773-1846, engraver
Date: 1817
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1817 Tor 4875.O frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2722

Title: Kidnapping
Description: Engraving relates to an incident recounted by Torrey. In the middle of the night, five men forced their way into the room of a free black woman, who was pregnant and recently widowed. They dragged her out of the bed in which she was sleeping with her child, tied a noose around her neck, and then carried mother and child to a Maryland tavern, where they were bought by a slave-dealer and brought to Washington., Plate in Jesse Torrey's A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery, in the United States (Philadelphia: Published by the author. John Bioren, printer, 1817), p. 48., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Goodman & Piggot, engraver
Date: 1817
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1817 Tor 4875.O p 48, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2723

Title: Wreck of the slave ship
Description: According to Hildreth's narrative, the plate shows a domestic slave ship that was caught in a storm while travelling down the Atlantic coast to Charleston. After the captain and crew fled in a jolly-boat, the slaves worked the pumps in the hopes of saving themselves. They were eventually rescued and brought to a jail in Norfolk, Virginia., Illustration in Richard Hildreth's The White Slave: or, Memoirs of a Fugitive (London: Ingram, Cooke, & Co., 227 Strand, MDCCCLII, 1852), p. 80., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1852]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1852 Hildr 70799.O p 80, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2787

Title: Insurrection on board a slave ship
Description: Lithograph was copied from an engraving originally published in Carl Bernhard Wadstrom's Essay on Colonization (London: Printed for the author, by Darton and Harvey, Gracechurch-Street, 1794-95). As the title suggests, the lithograph shows an insurrection aboard a slave ship. From the vantage point of a raised barricade near the ship's stern, the crew fires upon (what looks to be) hundreds of slaves crowded upon the deck. A number of slaves jump overboard. A cloud of smoke hovers over the British vessel., Illustration in William Fox's A Brief History of the Wesleyan Missions on the Western Coast of Africa (London: Printed for the author, published by Aylott and Jones, 8, Paternoster-Row: sold also by John Mason, 66, Paternoster-Row, MDCCCLI [1851]), p. 116., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Walton, W. L., lithographer
Date: [1851]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1851 Fox 12623.O p 116, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2786

Title: [Frontispiece for Histoire philosophique et politique]
Description: In the central foreground, a female slave is purchased by a European planter (left), who completes the transaction by giving a sack of coins to a slave merchant. Chained and shackled, the slave leans over and covers her face in despair. Behind her, several Europeans congregate in the tropical landscape. A vessel, presumably a slave-ship, is docked in the background., Frontispiece for Guillaume-Thomas-François Raynal's Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements & du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (A Maestricht: Chez Jean-Edme Dufour & Philippe Roux, imprimeurs & libraires, associés, M.DCC.LXXVII [1777])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Delaunay, Nicolas, 1739-1792, engraver
Date: 1773
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1777 Ray 62416.D frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2679

Title: Inspection and sale of a Negro
Description: Scene is set in the town of Bangalang, near the modern city of Kambia in Sierra Leone. According to Théophile Conneau's narrative, the engraving shows the notorious slave-trader Jack Ormond as he inspects a slave for purchase. As Conneau explained, "As each negro was brought before him, Ormond examined the subject, without regard to sex, from head to foot. A careful manipulation of the chief muscles, joints, arm pits and groins was made, to assure soundness. The mouth, too, was inspected, and if a tooth was missing, it was noted as a defect liable to deduction. Eyes, voice, lungs, fingers and toes were not forgotten; so that when the negro passed from the Mongo's [i.e, "King of the River," Ormond's nickname] hands without censure, he might have been readily adopted as a good 'life' by an insurance company." (p. 94) To the left of the central pair, another European slave-trader (presumably the seller) sits on a crate, smoking a cigar as he watches the inspection. His book, the quill, and the ink-well suggest that he is prepared to record the day's transactions. To the right, another European trader converses with three African merchants, possibly members of the Mandingo tribe. The subject of their discussion may be the sale of goods in Africans' trunk., Illustrated plate in Théophile Conneau's Captain Canot; or, Twenty Years of an African Slaver (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 346 & 348 Broadway; London: 16 Little Britain, M.DCCC.LIV [1854]), p. 94., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Whitney, Jocelyn & Annin, engraver
Date: [1854]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1854 Can 10796.D p 94, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2797

Title: Sale of estates, pictures and slaves in the Rotunda, New Orleans
Description: As the title suggests, the engraving shows a large auction in the New Orleans Rotunda. At separate podiums, three auctioneers simultaneously take bids on a painting (left), a family of slaves (center), and a manuscript (right). In the foreground, several traders lean and sit casually on barrels and crates as they watch the slave auction. Bidders for the painting and manuscript look somewhat more genteel. The engraver's emphasis the light streaming though the Rotunda's oculus may represent an ironic commentary on the events taking place within it., Frontispiece for volume one of James Silk Buckingham's The Slave States of America (London; Paris: Fisher, Son, & Co. Newgate St. London; rue St. Honoré, Paris [1842])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Starling, J. M., engraver
Date: [1842]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1842 Buc 10584.O v 1 frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2774

Title: Gang of slaves journeying to be sold in a Southern market
Description: Driven by mounted men with whips, a large procession of bound slaves travels down a shallow creek. Some of the slaves hold children in their arms; others carry baskets and bundles on their heads. A family of free blacks watches from the banking on the left., Illustrated plate in James Silk Buckingham's The Slave States of America (London; Paris: Fisher, Son, & Co. Newgate St. London; rue St. Honoré, Paris [1842]), vol. 2, p. 552., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Holl, F., engraver
Date: [1842]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1842 Buc 10584.O v 2 p 552, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2775

Title: Group of Negroes as imported to be sold for slaves
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it shows a procession of slaves that he encountered during his travels in Surinam. Of the group, Stedman wrote, "They were a drove of newly-imported negroes, men and women, with a few children, who were just landed from on board a Guinea ship that lay anchor in the roads, to be sold for slaves. The whole party was such a set of scarcely animated automatons, such a resurrection of skin and bones, as forcibly reminded me of the last trumpet. These objects appeared that moment to be risen from the grave, or escaped from Surgeon's Hall; and I confess I can give no better description of them, than by comparing them to walking skeletons covered over with a piece of tanned leather." (vol. 1, p. 200) Stedman eventually continued, "Before these wretches, which might be in all about sixty in number, walked a sailor, and another followed behind with a bamboo-rattan; the one serving as a shepherd to lead them along, and the other as his dog to worry them occasionally, should any one lag behind, or wander away from the flock." (vol. 1, p. 200) He noted, however, that despite their condition, the slaves' facial expressions betrayed little dejectedness -- a point reflected in Blake's engraving., Plate XXII in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 1, p. 200., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: [between 1791 and 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 200, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2695

Title: Commerce des Esclaves
Description: Two male slaves, who are bound together at the ankle, are bought by a European slave-trader. The figure to the left is most likely an African slave-trader. The man smokes a pipe and holds a small child by the hand. In the lower left-hand corner, a woman grinds corn ("coscou") with a mortar and pestle. An infant is tied to her back. Behind the group, three slaves paddle a small boat on the ocean ("comme les Negres rament de bout"). A larger vessel, possibly a slave-ship, is visible in the background., Plate in François Froger's Relation d'un voyage fait en 1695, 1696 & 1697: aux côtes d'Afrique, détroit de Magellan, Brezil, Cayenne & isles Antilles, par une escadre des vaisseaux du roy, commandée par M. de Gennes (A Paris: Imprimée par les soins & aux frais du sieur de Fer, geographe de Monseigneur le dauphin. Dans l'isle du Palais, sur le quay de l'Horloge, à la Sphere royale: Et chez G. Saugrain dans la grande salle du Palais, à la Croix d'or., M.DC.XCVIII. [1698]), p. 16., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Inselin, C., engraver
Date: [1698]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1698 Froge 578.D p 16, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2662

Title: Negoce des Negres avec les Europeans
Description: Set at Cape Verde, this engraving shows Africans trading with Europeans. In the foreground, a European merchant pours some type of libation into an African's cup. Behind them, another European kneels in front of a small group of Africans. In the left background, workers roll barrels onto a small boat, and large trading vessels can be seen on the waters in the distance., Illustration in Pieter van der Aa's La galerie agreable du monde, où l'on voit et un grand nombre de cartes tres-exactes et de belles tailles-douces, les principaux empires, roiaumes, republiques, provinces, villes, bourgs et forteresses . . . (Le tout mis en ordre & executé à Leide, par Pierre vander Aa [1729?])., Caption underneath the image reads: (1) Roy et (2) Alkaide au Cap Verd., In the absence of pagination, 32 has been written to the right of the border of the image., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1729?]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *U Gen Gal v 60-62 1729.F n.p. (32), https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2944

Title: Coutume des Sacrifices chez les Angolais
Description: In the center of the scene, a fire burns in an urn, sending clouds of smoke upward. A large group of Angolans has congregated around the urn: they dance, clap, beat drums and other instruments, and appear to offer prayers to the gods. The king is seated on the edge of the circle; his attendants stand next to him. Toward the right, four men -- presumably those intended for sacrifice -- stand with their hands bound behind their backs., Illustration in Pieter van der Aa's La galerie agreable du monde, où l'on voit et un grand nombre de cartes tres-exactes et de belles tailles-douces, les principaux empires, roiaumes, republiques, provinces, villes, bourgs et forteresses . . . (Le tout mis en ordre & executé à Leide, par Pierre vander Aa [1729?])., In the absence of pagination, 31a has been written to the right of the border of the image., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1729?]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *U Gen Gal v 60-62 1729.F n.p. (31a), https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2943

Title: Ehem, ou canots, petits bateaux, et jenge-jenge ou ponts des Africains
Description: On the bank of a river, three Africans build an ehem, or a "small boat." One breaks a piece of wood over his knee; another chops wood with an axe, and the third wades through the river with a bundle of wood on his back. The cloud of smoke rising from behind the boat suggests that the construction process has necessitated a fire. Behind them, a group of Africans paddle a finished ehem. In the background, a Jenge-Jenge, or an African bridge, stretches across the river. The bridge appears to consist of wooden planks, and each of its four corners is tied to a palm tree, so that two pairs of trees secure the bridge on either side. Ropes stretched between the trees also provide hand-rails. Two men are shown crossing the bridge; each carries a large bundle on his back., Illustration in Pieter van der Aa's La galerie agreable du monde, où l'on voit et un grand nombre de cartes tres-exactes et de belles tailles-douces, les principaux empires, roiaumes, republiques, provinces, villes, bourgs et forteresses . . . (Le tout mis en ordre & executé à Leide, par Pierre vander Aa [1729?])., In the absence of pagination, 41 has been written to the right of the set of images., A closely related version of the engraving (mirror image) had been published earlier in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid (London, 1670), p. 454., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1729?]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *U Gen Gal v 60-62 1729.F n.p. (41), https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2946

Title: The emigration
Description: Engraving accompanies Chapter VII ("A Variety of Incidents") in Thorpe's fictional narrative. It shows the protagonist, Mildmay, leading his slaves on a journey from North Carolina to Louisiana, where he had purchased a new plantation. Following Mildmay's example, the slaves discarded most of their possessions and took only what they could carry. According to the text, the procession included five large wagons, "which were filled with camp equipage, cooking utensils, sick or delicate women, and infant children." (p. 72), Illustration in Thomas Bangs Thorpe's The master's house; or, scenes descriptive of southern life (New York: J.C. Derby, 119 Nassau Street, 1855), p. 70., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Whitney, Jocelyn & Annin, engraver
Date: [1855]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare 2 Wright 2496a 71095.D p 70, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2657

Title: Slaves taken from an Arab dhow
Description: Set below the deck of an Arab coasting vessel in Zanzibar, the illustration shows a group of scantily dressed, emaciated male slaves. An accompanying quote from Edward Steere contextualizes the image. Steere wrote, "I hope one may never see again such sights as one used to see almost daily when we first landed in Zanzibar -- the miserable remains of the great slave caravans from the interior, brought by sea to Zanzibar, packed so closely that they could scarcely move, and allowed nothing of food on the voyage but a few handfuls of raw rice passed round to be nibbled at. It is said, sometimes, that our efforts to stop the slave traffic have increased the sufferings of the slaves during their transit, but it was simply impossible to increase the misery of this open and unrestrained traffic between Kilwa and Zanzibar. Even as it was, the least delay caused a large proportion of deaths, and the parties of slaves that were led from the custom-house to their owners' houses presented every form of emaciation and disease, till it seemed impossible that they could support themselves, if only for a few minutes longer." (p. 77-78), Plate in Robert Marshall Heanley's A Memoir of Edward Steere, D.D., LL.D.: Third Missionary Bishop in Central Africa (London: George Bell and Sons, York Street, Covent Garden, 1888), p. 78., Artist's imprint illegible., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1888]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Hean 52606.D p 78, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2914

Title: Noir au bois Mayombe
Description: The image is set in the interior of Angola; it shows African slave-traders and the slaves they have captured from the Mayombe forest. Armed with rifles and swords, the traders lead the slaves to the coast, where they will be sold. The slave in the foreground wears a forked branch around his neck. It is secured in the back by an iron pin, which, as the text explains, threatens to choke him. A trader holds the other end of the branch, thus directing the slave along the narrow path. To the right, another slave is bound with ropes and escorted by two traders. Behind them, a trader leads a female slave by the hand., Fold-out plate in L. de Grandpré's Voyage à côte occidentale d'Afrique: fait dans les années 1786 et 1787 . . . (Paris: Dentu, imprimeur-libraire, Palais du Tribunat, Galeries de Bois, no. 240, an IX., 1801), vol. 2, p. 48., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Michel, engraver
Date: [1801]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Grand 10198.D v 2 p 48, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2908

Title: Gang of captives met at Mbame's on their way to Tette
Description: Engraving accompanies Chapter XVIII of Livingstone's travel narratives; it portrays an incident that he witnessed in the village of his friend Mbame. As Livingstone explained, " . . . [a] slave party, a long line of manacled men, women, and children, came wending their way round the hill and into the valley, on the side which the village stood. The black drivers, armed with muskets, and bedecked with various articles of finery, marched jauntily in the front, middle, and rear of the line; some of them blowing exultant notes out of long tin horns." (p. 356) Livingstone noted, however, that the black drivers fled as soon as they saw him and his fellow Englishmen. Livingstone and his party thus freed the captives (who were most likely Manganja). "It was more difficult to cut the men adrift," he wrote, "as each had his neck in the fork of a stout stick, six or seven feet long, and kept in by an iron rod, which was riveted at both end across the throat. With a saw, . . . one by one the men were sawn out into freedom." (p. 356-57), Plate in David Livingstone's Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries: and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864 (London: John Murray, 1865), p. 356., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Whymper, Josiah Wood, 1813-1903, engraver
Date: [1865]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Livin 16307.O p 356, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2925

Title: The slave chain
Description: Engraving accompanies Part III ("Sojourn at Whydah") of Forbes's travel narratives. Whydah, now known as Ouidah, is a port-city in Benin that figured importantly in the 19th- century slave-trade. Set in front of a trading depot, the illustration shows a line of slaves who are chained together at the neck. Two European overseers crack their whips., Illustration in Frederick E. Forbes's Dahomey and the Dahomans: Being the Journey of Two Missions to the King of Dahomey, and his Residence at the Capital, in the Years 1849 and 1850 (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851), vol. 1, p. 100., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1851]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Forbes 9727.D v 1 p 100, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2907

Title: [Justice and Britannia.]
Description: An allegorical figure representing Justice hovers over the figure of Britannia, who is seated on a throne with a slave kneeling and praying at her feet. Although the slave wears shackles around his wrists and ankles, it is unclear whether his chains have been broken or remain intact. Behind him, a mother and child gesture toward Britannia. Ostensible subject of the engraving is Britain's renounciation of slavery. It accompanies the following lines in Montgomery's poem: "Britannia, -- she who scathed the crest of Spain, / And won the trident sceptre of the main, / When to the raging wind, and ravening tide, / She gave the huge Armada's scatter'd pride, / Smit by the thunder-wielding hand that hurl'd / Her vengeance round the wave-encircled world; / -- She shared the gain, the glory, and the guilt, / By her were Slavery's island-altar's built, / And fed with human victims; -- till the cries / Of blood, demanding vengeance from the skies, / Pierced her proud heart, too long in vain assail'd; / But justice in one glorious hour prevail'd : / Straight from her limbs the tyrant's garb she tore, / Spotted with pestilence,and thick with gore; / O'er her own head with noble fury broke / The grinding fetters, and the galling yoke, / Then plunged them in th' abysses of the sea, / And cried to weeping Africa -- 'Be free!' (p. 19-20), Plate in James Montgomery's Abolition of the Slave Trade: A Poem, in Four Parts (London: Printed by T. Bensley, for R. Bower, the proprietor, 1814), p. 18., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Anti-Slavery Imagery.
Creator: Worthington, William Henry, ca. 1795-ca. 1839, engraver
Date: Dec. 1, 1809
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Am 1814 Mon 13197.Q p 18, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2720

Title: Chaine d'esclaves venant de l'interieur [Senegal]
Description: Having been captured in the country's interior, six Senegalese slaves are led by two European slave-traders who carry swords and long spears. The slaves march in a line; each wears a collar that is attached to a long pole that rests on their shoulders and extends down the line., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, meours, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 41., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 40, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2931

Title: Vue de Ben dans le pays de Cayor près Gorée
Description: Engraving is set in the village of Ben in the Kingdom of Cayor (Senegal). Armed with swords, long spears, and other weapons, African slave-traders capture a mother and her three small children. In the background, two traders attack another village resident. The image includes villagers' cottages, and the central scene is framed by elements of the lush, hilly landscape., Double-page illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, meours, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 3, p. 56., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 3 p 56, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2928

Title: [The manner of making sugar in the sugar-mills, Brazil]
Description: Engraving accompanies Section VII. (Bahia de Todos los Sanctos), in which Montanus describes sugar-cane planting and sugar-making in Brazil. Scene features a hydo-powered sugar-mill, which, as Montanus explains, "consist[s] of three great Iron Bars, between which the Canes are squeez'd." Here, under the inspection of two European planters, several slaves feed stalks of sugar cane into the mill. The extracted juice (which Montanus calls Caldo) runs through a gutter into a keetle, where it is boiled. Afterwards, the sugary syrup is boiled a second and third time until nears the consistency of sugar. As Montanus noted, the "dross which remains" is given to the slaves, "which work for half a year together Night and Day like Horses." (p. 504), Illustration Arnoldus Montanus's America: Being the Latest, and Most Accurate Description of the New World; Containing the Original of the Inhabitants, and the Remarkable Voyages Thither. . . (London: Printed by the author [i.e. translator], and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXXI. (1671)], p. 504., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Works Scenes.
Date: [1671]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1671 Mon 15.F p 504, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2660

Title: Fabrica del Tabacco
Description: Shows four slaves at work in a tobacco house. In the lower left-hand corner, a female slave sits on the ground and strips (?) the tobacco leaves (1). Behind her, another slave twists tobacco (2), while a third slave (3) puts it on a roll. Drying tobacco leaves hang upside down from the rafters (4). In the background, a mother and child work hanging leaves. A version of this engraving (a closely related mirror image) appears in Jean Baptiste Laban's Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amerique (A Paris: rue S. Jacques, chez Pierre-François Giffart, près la rue Mathurins, à l'image Sainte Therese, M.DCC.XXII [1722]), vol. 4, p. 496., Plate 21 in Il gazzettiere americano (In Livorno: Per Marco Coltellini all' inglese della verita, [1763]), vol 3, p. 202., Key at the top reads: 1. Nero che leva le Costole al Tabacco; 2. Nero che torce il Tabacco; 3. Nero che arrotola il Tabacco ; 4. Tabacco sospese per aseiugarsi., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Work Scenes.
Creator: Gregori, Ant, engraver
Date: [1763]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Am 1763 Ameri Gaz Log 2080.F v 3 p 202., https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2677

Title: Plan and sections of a slave-ship / Representation of an insurrection on board a slave-ship [insert]
Description: This page introduces several diagrams under the title "Plan and Sections of a Slave Ship." Fig. I is a vertical cross-section of the hold of a slave-ship, seen from the side. It shows the manner in which slaves were forced to spend the voyage: lying flat on their backs in rows, one pressed against another. Figs. II. and III are vertical cross-sections viewed from the ship's bow or stern. Figs. IV, V, VI, and VII are aerial views of the ship's hold, all of which clearly illustrate the inhumane conditions in which slaves were transported. In addition to these diagrams, the page also includes a separate insert entitled "Representation of an Insurrection on Board a Slave-Ship." The engraving is accompanied by two captions, the first of which appears above the image and reads: "Showing how the crew fire upon the unhappy slaves from behind the BARRICADO, erected on board all Slave ships, as a security whenever such commotions may happen." Printed below the image, the second caption reads: "See the privy council's report part I. Art: Slaves, Minutes of evidence before the House of Commons. Wadstrom's Essay on Colonization. 471." A version of the engraving appeared, as a color lithograph, in William Fox's A Brief History of the Wesleyan Missions of the Western Coast of Africa (London: Printed for the author, published by Aylott and Jones, 8, Paternoster-Row, 1851, p. 116)., Folded insert at the back of Carl Bernhard Wadstrom's An Essay on Colonization: Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce; also Brief Descriptions of the Colonies already Formed, or Attempted, in Africa, Including those of Sierra Leone and Bulama (London: Printed for the author, by Darton and Harvey, Gracechurch-Street. And sold by G. Nicol, No. 58, Pall-Mall; W. Faden, corner of St. Martin's Lane, Strand; J. Stockdale, No. 191, Piccadilly; J. Edwards, No. 78, Pall-Mall; E. [sic] & J. Egerton, No. 32, Charing-Cross; J. Debrett, No. 179, Piccadilly; J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's Church-Yard; and C. Dilly, No. 22, Poultry, MDCCXCIV [1794-1795])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade., Plates have been removed from book and are housed separately: 3# U Afr Wads 728.Q (Plates)
Date: [1795]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare 3# U Afr Wads 728.Q (Plates), https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2938

Title: Negres de traite en voyage
Description: Engraving shows several Africans being led from Senegal's interior to the coast, where they will be sold into slavery. Three Africans in the foreground wear forked branches around their necks. Such branches were commonly used in the African slave-trade, and appear frequently in depictions thereof. The branches were secured in back by an iron rod, which threatened to choke the wearer if he or she struggled or tried to escape., Illustration in Abel Hugo's France pittoresque ou Description pittoresque, topographique et statistique des départements et colonies de la France (A Paris: Chez Delloye, éditeur de la France militaire, place de la Bourse, rue des Filles-Saint-Thomas, 13, 1835), vol. 3, p. 270., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Lalemont, engraver
Date: [1835]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1835 Hugo 10039.Q v 3 p 270, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2742

Title: Huissier conduisant un prévenu
Description: According to the caption, the lithograph shows the manner in which subjects were brought to court in the country governed by the Demboa. (Today, Demboa is part of the state of Borno in northeast Nigeria.) The man being led to court wears a forked branch around his neck. The forked end is secured by a rod; the bailiff holds the other end. (The branch is like those commonly used in the African slave-trade, and frequently featured in depictions thereof.) Additionally, the man's hands are held together by a frame-like, rectangular, wooden (?) restraint. While he wears only a plain white loin-cloth, the bailiff is clothed in colorful, patterned fabrics., Plate 13 in Jean-Baptiste Douville's Voyage au Congo et dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique equinoxiale: fait dans les années 1828, 1829 et 1830 (A Paris: Chez Jules Renouard, libraire, rue de Tournon, n. 6; Imprimé chez Paul Renouard, rue Garencière, n. 5, 1832)., Caption underneath the image reads: "Maniere de citer un sujet à comparaître devant le souverain, dans le pays gouvernés par les Demboa.", Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Creator: Daussi, lithographer
Date: 1832
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *U Afri Douv 10079.O plate 13, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2898

Title: Fan blacksmiths
Description: From 1855-59, Paul B. Du Chaillu (Paul Belloni), a French-American explorer, led an expedition through Gabon, which was supported by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Scienes. Du Chaillu's observations were published in Explorations & Adventures in Equatorial Africa (1861). This engraving is set in a village inhabited by the Fan peoples, who settled in the area around the Gabon River. It shows two Fan blacksmith working over a small fire. "As blacksmiths," Du Chaillu wrote, "they very far surpass all the tribes of this region who have not come in contact with whites. Their war-like habits have made iron a most necessary article to them; and though their tools are very simple, their patience is great, and, as the reader will perceive from the pictures of their arms, they produce some very neat workmanship." (p. 91) Describing the scene shown in the engraving, Du Chaillu continued, "The forge is set up anywhere where a fire can be built. They have invented a singular bellows, composed of two short, hollowed cylinders of wood, surmounted by skins accurately fitted on, and having an appropriate valve and a wooden handle. The bellows-man sits down, and moves these coverings up and down with great rapidity, and the air is led through small wooden pipes into an iron joint which emerges in the fire. The anvil is a solid piece of iron of the shape seen in the illustration. The sharp end is stuck into the ground, and the blacksmith sits alongside of his anvil and beats iron with a singular hammer, which is simply a piece of iron weighing three to six pounds, and in shape of a truncated cone. It has no handle, but is held by the smaller end, and, of course, the blows require much more strength." (p. 91-92), Illustration in Paul B. Du Chaillu's Explorations & adventures in equatorial Africa: With accounts of the manners and customs of the people, and the chace of the gorilla, crocodile, leopard, elephant, hippopotamus, and other animals (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1861), p. 91., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1861]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Du Chail 15232.O p 91, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2901

Title: [The morning dream]
Description: Frontispiece accompanies Cowper's poem "The Morning Dream," which appears on the opposite page. The engraving features an allegorical figure representing Liberty/Britannia, who sailed westward to America "to make freemen of slaves." Shedding light "like the sun," this divine and beautiful figure "sung of the slave's broken chain, wherever her glory appeared." In accordance with the verse, two chained slaves kneel before her, praying for freedom. At the left, a slave-owner drops his whip. ("In his hand, as a sign of his sway, / A scourge hung with lashes he bore, / And stood looking out for his prey, From Africa's sorrowful shore. / But soon as approaching the land, / That angel-like woman he view'd, / The scourge he let fall from his hand, / With the blood of his subjects imbru'd."), Frontispiece for John Greenleaf Whittier's Poems Written during the Progress of the Abolition Question in the United States, between the Years 1830 and 1838 (Boston: Published by Isaac Knapp, No. 25, Cornhill, 1837)., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Anti-Slavery Movement Imagery.
Date: [1837]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1837 Whi 51405.D frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2759

Title: Section of a slave ship
Description: Plate includes three diagrams of a slave-ship. Top diagram is a cross-section of the ship's hold, viewed from the side. The small, shallow space in which slaves were transported lies between the deck and the main body of the hold. Diagram at the left is a detail of this space with its dimensions. (It was 3 feet, 5 inches in height.) Detail illustrates the manner in which slaves were packed into the ship, one next to another, with barely enough room to sit upright. Bottom diagram is an aerial view of the ship's deck with its dimensions., Plate at the front of Matthew Carey's Letters on the Colonization Society: And on its Probable Results; under the Following Heads . . . Addressed to the Hon. C.F. Mercer (Philadelphia: E.G. Dorsey, printer [May 30, 1838])., The caption below the image reads: "From Walsh's Notes of Brazil.", Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from the Slave Trade
Date: [1838]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1838 Car 75256.O plate I, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2769

Title: Negre jouant du balafo
Description: Sitting in the doorway of a hut, an African man plays a wooden xylophone called the balafo (i.e. balo). A detail of the balafo, common in Senegambia, is shown at the top., Plate in Jean Baptiste Laban's Nouvelle relation de l'Afrique occidentale: contenant une description exacte du Senegal & des Pais situés entre le Cap-Blanc & la riviere de Serrelionne, jusqu'à plus de 300. lieues en avant dans les terres. L'histoire naturelle de ces pais, les differentes nations qui y sont répandues, leurs religions & leurs moeurs. Avec l'etat ancien et présent des compagnies qui y font le commerce (A Paris: Chez Pierre-François Giffart, rue Saint Jacques, à Sainte Therese, M.DCC.XXVIII [1728]), vol. 2, p. 332, Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1728]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Labat 65539.D v 2 p 332, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2921

Title: Females hoeing
Description: Engraving accompanies Chapter XXIV of Livingstone's travel narrative. It shows four women working in the Ngabi district: one carries a basket on her head, while three others (including one woman with a child on her back) till the soil with hoes."The only instrument of husbandry here," Livingstone noted, "is the short-handled hoe; and about Tette the labour of tilling the soil, as represented in the woodcut, is performed entirely by female slaves." (p. 499), Illustration in David Livingstone's Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries: and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864 (London: John Murray, 1865), p. 499., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1865]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri Livin 16307.O p 499, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2926

Title: Orfevre ou forgeron negre
Description: Included in Chapter XV, "Arts et Industrie," the engraving shows an African goldsmith (or blacksmith) working with his hammer and anvil., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, meours, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 178., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 178, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2932

Title: Tisserand negre
Description: Included in Chapter XV, "Arts et Industrie," the engraving shows an African weaver with her loom. A similar loom appears in the frontispiece for the London Yearly Meeting's Report of the committee managing a fund raised by some friends for the purpose of promoting African instruction (London, 1822)., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, meours, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 180., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 180, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2933

Title: Negresse battant le coton au lieu de le carder
Description: Included in Chapter XV, "Arts et Industrie," the engraving shows an African woman beating cotton into threads. The cotton, which had already been ginned, was placed on a stiff mat and hit with a baton., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, meours, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 181., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 181, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2934

Title: Negresse filant le coton
Description: Included in Chapter XV, "Arts et Industrie," the engraving shows an African woman spinning cotton. She holds a spool in each hand, and sits on a mat with a large basket of cotton next to her., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, moeurs, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 182., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 182, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2935

Title: Negresse etudiant le jeu de Ouri
Description: Included in Chapter XVII, "Chasse, Pêche, Musique et Divertissemens," the engraving shows a young African woman learning to play Ouri, a popular "pit and pebble" game known throughout Africa under several names, including Oware and mancaga. In the accompanying text, Villeneuve wrote that Ouri (and similar games) were too complicated to be described simply. He noted, however, that girls usually learned to play the game around the age of ten., Illustration in René Geoffroy de Villeneuve's L'Afrique, ou Histoire, moeurs, usages et coutumes des africains: Le Sénégal (Paris: Nepveu, libraire, passage des Panoramas, no. 26, 1814), vol. 4, p. 205., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1814]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare U Afri R.G.V. 65954.D v 4 p 205, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2936

Title: The tango
Description: Engraving accompanies the lead article "The Carib Settlements." According to the unnamed author, it is set in the house of the "King of the Cannibal Islands" in Tulian, Honduras. In the center of the scene, a small group dances to the sound of the musicians' drums (right). As the author explained, "Our arrival was the signal for the commencement of the festivities. Such another exhibition of the Terpsichorean art I never had the pleasure of witnessing. Their instruments consisted of a couple of drums made of hollow logs with hide stretched over one end, and a Boston tin cracker-box, on which instruments a sort of running accompaniment was beaten with their hands. Wild songs were chanted during the progress of the dance, one of which, more moderate than the rest, and in English, was shouted for our benefit." In the next paragraph, he continued, "I am told their dancing is a perfect counterpart of similar proceedings on the western coast of Africa, from whence they originally came. They place the music in the centre of the room, and arranged themselves around it, and commenced a series of movements of the body, throwing in frequent twists and jerks by way of embellishment." (p. 149), Illustration in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. 15, no. 86 (July 1857), p. 149., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Daily Life.
Date: July 1857
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Per H 9 62992.O v 15 n 86 July 1857 p 149, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2874

Title: [The Jages; Kingdom of Monoe-mugi, or Nimeamaye]
Description: The engraving shows the Jages, who lived in the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Mono-mugi, or Nimeamye, between Okango and the Lake. According to Ogilby, the Jages were "the cruellest and most inhumane people." As he wrote, "These Jages are like in Manners, Wars, and Savageness to the Jages of Ansico, for they eat up all those that they take Prisoners in the Wars, or serve them as Slaves; and for Ornament have also Feathers stuck through their Noses, and both the upper Teeth before are struck out; without which marks none can be received in their Bands or Companies, as we have at large before related." (p. 603) In the engraving, the Jages take members of another tribe captive. They are armed with swords, daggers, and bows and arrows, and wear feathers through their noses., Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the Adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, Belonging Thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 603., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 603, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2963

Title: [How the gold is taken up in the river; Negroland]
Description: The engraving shows residents of Negroland diving for gold, it accompanies the following passage in Ogilby's text: "In some places, especially at the plentiful Gold-River Atzine, under the Cliffs and Water-falls, shooting down from the Mountains, Gold is taken up, in this manner: They Dive with a hollow Woodden Tray to the bottom, and rake there among the Earth, Stones, and all that they can come at; with which having filled their Dishes, they come up above Water, and washing the Mass, find the Gold; for sometimes whole pieces are wash't down by force of the Water, through the Gold-Veins; whereof the King of Egwira hath a great many, which he keeps for his Fancy, ascribing a secret Power and Vertue to it." (p. 448), Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the Adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, Belonging Thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 449., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 449, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2956

Title: [Anna Xinga and her commanders]
Description: Engraving features Anna Xinga or Nzinga (second from left), the daughter and rightful successor of the King of Congo. After the Portuguese prevented her ascension to the throne, she fled the kingdom. As Ogilby explained, "She and her People (for the most part) lead an unsettled life, roving up and down from place to place, like the Jages: Before any enterprize undertaken, though of meanest concern, they ask councel of the Devil; to which end they have an Idol, to whom they sacrifice a living Person, of the wisest and comliest they can pick out." Ogilby then continued, "The Queen against the time of this Sacrifice, Clothes her self in mans appareal, (nor indeed does she at any time go otherwise habited) hanging about her the Skins of beasts, before and behind, with a Sword about her Neck, an Ax at her Girdle, and a Bowe and Arrows in her Hand, leaping according to their Custom, now here, then there, as nimbly, as the most active among her Attendants; all the while striking her Engema, that is, two Iron Bells, which serve her in stead of Drums. When she thinks she has made a show long enough, in a Masculine manner, and thereby hath weary'd her self; then she takes a broad Feather and sticks it through the holes of her boar'd Nose, for a sign of War. She her self in this rage, begins with the first of those appointed to be sacrificed; and cutting off his head, drinks a great draught of his blood. Then follow the Stoutest Commanders, as do as she hath done; and this with a great hurly-burly, tumult, and playing upon Instruments about their Idol. Among all her most pretious things, she bestows no such care on any, as the Bones of one of her Brothers, who Raign'd before her, which lie together in a costly Silver Chest, long before gotten of the Portuguese." (p. 564), Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an accurate description of the regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 565., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 565, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2961

Title: [The king of Benin and his army]
Description: Shows the King of Benin (second from right), and the members of his army. As Ogilby explained, in one day, the king could raise "twenty thousand Men in Arms, and in time of need, eighty, or a hundred thousand: so becomes dreadful to all his Neighbors." According to Ogilby, the common soldiers usually left "the upper part of the Their Body naked, but on the lower [wore] a Cloth as fine as Silk." (p. 474) Members of nobility clothed themselves in scarlet ("as a Badge of Eminency"), or wore "Gorgets of Elephants and Leopard-Teeth, and high red Caps, Wrought and Quilted with Leopards and Civet-Cat Skins; unto which hangs a long Horse Tail for Ornament"). (p. 474), Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an accurate description of the regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 475., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 475, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2959

Title: [Funeral in Negroland]
Description: The engraving shows a funeral rite, or fakotima, in Negroland. In this scene, the funeral orations have already ended, and the deceased has been propped up on a platform. According to Ogibly, when the deceased was a man (as is the case here), his friends put "a Bowe and Arrow into his hand, and arrayed him with his best Garment." Then, they offered presents, "one Needles, another a Kettle or Bason; the third a Garment; a fourth Dishes, and Earthen and Tin Cups." In this engraving, the kinsmen of the deceased play with bows and arrows in front of the corspe, as was customary., Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the Adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, Belonging Thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 394., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 394, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2954

Title: [The king's seat]
Description: Shows the throne or ("seat") of an African King in Nether-Ethiopia. According to Ogilby's text, "The Stool, or Seat, whereupon he sits, stands raised upon a Foot-pace, dressed with white and black Wickers, very artificially Woven, and other sorts of curious adornings; behind his Back hangs on a Pole a Shield, cover'd with divers party-colour'd Stuffs, brought out of Europe. Near him stand also six of eight Fanns, by them call'd Pos, or Mani, and containing in length and breadth half a Fathom, at the upper end of a long Stick which runs through the middle of it, having a round Brim, in form of a half Globe fasten'd, interwoven with little Horns, and with white and black Parrots Feathers between: Those Fanns certain People, which the King keeps for that purpose, move with great force, which agitating the Air, causes a refreshing and pleasant coolness. Before the King's seat lieth spread a great Cloth twenty Fathom long, and twelve broad, made of quilted Leaves sew'd together, upon which none may go but the King and his Children; but round it they leave room for two or three persons to pass by, the Nobility sitting in long Ranks, every one with a Buffles Tail in his Hand, which for the most part they move in the preference of the King: Some sit upon the bare Ground; others upon Cloathes made of the same Stuff with the King's: Behind them stand the People; as behind the King all his great Officers, not few in number." (p. 507), Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the Adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, Belonging Thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 507., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 507, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2960

Title: [The Koredo]
Description: Set in Negroland, the engraving addresses way in which the King dealt with disobedient subjects, or "any man who keeps away from his duty." As Ogilby explained, when any nobleman proved disobedient, or failed to comply with a summons, the King sent his Koredo, or shield. The shield was brought by two drummers (shown here in the foreground), who began beating their drums "as soon as they came near the Offenders Habitations." Upon receipt of the shield, the offender was required, without the slightest delay, "to speed away to the Court, carrying the shield with him." After presenting the shield to the King, the offender was expected to "beg forgiveness of his miscarriages," and to "take up Earth before the King, humbling himself." (p. 399), Illustration in John Ogilby's Africa: Being an Accurate Description of the Regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid: the Land of Negroes, Guinee, and Aethiopia, and Abyssines, with all the Adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, Belonging Thereunto (London: Printed by Tho. Johnson, for the author, and are to be had at his house in White Fryers, M.DC.LXX [1670]), p. 399., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1670]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare *Wing O163 14.F p 399, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2955

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