In The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth (New York, 1856), p. [116]., The Native American woman died after her husband punished her for disobeying him when she chose to dance in celebration of the scalping of three white men. After her death, her father (a Flat Head) prevented Beckwourth from being killed, and also presented him with the wife’s younger sister as a replacement wife., Recumbent portrait of Mrs. Beckwourth after her husband struck her with the side of his battle-axe.
In The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth (New York, 1856), p. [203]., The Native American woman was taken captive and adopted by the Crows when she was about ten. After excelling as a warrior, she became a chief, and was known as Bíawacheeitchish, or Woman Chief. She married four women in her lodge. In his autobiography, James Pierson Beckwourth, calling her Pine Leaf or Bar-chee-am-pe, claims to have had a romantic relationship with her., Full-length portrait of the woman warrior astride a horse.
Three-quarter length portrait of Miss Washburn holding a rifle and glancing back at a wounded Indian., In Frost, John. Daring and heroic deeds of American women (Philadelphia, 1860), plate following p. 268., After being held captive for ten years by a group of Indians, Miss Washburn encountered several pioneers. She persuaded them to provide her with a rifle, which she then used to kill two of her captors as they launched an attack on the pioneers.
Waist-length portrait of Shakoka, seated, wearing beaded necklaces and earrings. Her untied grey hair features prominently in the portrait., In Prichard, James Cowles. The natural history of man (London, 1843), plate following p. 402., "Dr. Prichard’s Natural History of Man”., The distinctive physical features of the Mandan Indians - such as the prevalence of grey hair and variety of skin tones within the tribe - led Dr. James Prichard to include several of George Catlin’s portraits of Mandan Indians in his own anthropological works.
In Bishop, H. E. Floral home; or, first years of Minnesota (New York, 1857), plate opposite p. 259., Old Bets was a Dakota woman, also known as Aza-ya-man-ka-wan, or the Berry Picker, who lived near St. Paul, Minnesota. She was involved in aiding white settlers in the Sioux Uprising of 1862., Waist-length portrait of Old Bets., Another portrait appears in: American phrenological journal, v. 26 (Oct., 1857), p. 84.
In McKenney, T. L. and J. Hall. History of the Indian tribes of North America, v.1 (Philadelphia, 1836), plate opposite p. 79. Also in 1838-1844 edition., "There is a Chinese air of childishness and simplicity about [her countenance] .... She was the favourite wife of Shaumonekusse."--P. 79, Waist-length portrait of Hayne Hudjihini, wearing earrings and necklaces.
Full-length portrait of Mrs. Woods in the foreground, seemingly unaware of an Indian man entering the house behind her., In Frost, John. Daring and heroic deeds of American women (Philadelphia, 1860), plate following p. 120., “Early one morning, sometime in the year 1784, Mr. Woods being absent from home, and Mrs. Woods being a short distance from the cabin, she discovered several Indians advancing towards it. She ran towards the cabin, and reached the door before all the Indians but one, who pursued so closely, that before she could secure the door, he entered. A lame negro in the cabin instantly seized the savage, and, after a short scuffle, they both fell – the negro underneath. The resolute black fellow held his antagonist so tightly that he could not use his knife. Mrs. Woods then seized an axe from under the bed, and, at the request of the negro, struck the savage upon the head.”--P. 120.
In Lewis, J.O. Aboriginal portfolio, v. 1 (Philadelphia, 1835)., Full-length portrait of Ta-Ma-Kake-Toke holding garments (of dead spouse?), seated on a bench.
In McKenney, T. L. and J. Hall. History of the Indian tribes of North America, v.1 (Philadelphia, 1836), plate opposite p. 173. Also in 1838-1844 and 1848-1850 editions., "Like all handsome women, be their color or nation what it may, she knew her power, and used it to the greatest advantage."--P. 175., Tshusick, an Ojibwa woman, arrived in Washington, D.C. in 1826, destitute and supposedly seeking Christian conversion after traveling on foot from Detroit. After several months of being entertained by high-level U.S. government officials and mingling in the highest social circles, she left the capital, laden with many gifts. Later, her Washington friends discovered that she was a con artist, "a sort of female swindler" (P. 177) who often appeared in cities and used her charm to make friends and enjoy the hospitality of others., Full-length portrait of a seated Tshusick leaning on a table, wearing elaborately decorated clothing, including a hat, jacket, and moccasins, and holding a flower. A piece of paper on the table bears her signature: "Thusick" [sic].
In McKenney, T. L. and J. Hall. History of the Indian tribes of North America, v.1 (Philadelphia, 1836), plate opposite p. 147. Also in 1838-1844 edition., "Rantchewaime has been known, after her return from Washington, to assemble hundreds of the females of her tribe, and discourse to them on the subject of ... vicious courses which she witnessed ... among the whites, and to warn them against like practices."--P. 148., Waist-length portrait of Rantchewaime, wearing earrings and necklaces, and holding a fan constructed of feathers.
In McKenney, T.L. and J. Hall. History of the Indian tribes of North America, v.3 (Philadelphia, 1848), plate opposite p. 53. Also in 1836-1844 and 1838-1844 editions., The story of Pocahontas remains one of the most powerful legends of early colonial America. Pocahontas was a friend to the English settlers, often intervening on their behalf in negotiations with her father, powerful chief Powhatan. She famously saved the life of John Smith moments before his planned execution. She married settler John Rolfe, moved to England in 1616, and died there soon after., "With a shriek of agony, and an impulse of energy and devotion known only to woman's heart, Pocahontas rushes forward, throws herself between the victim and the uplifted arm of the impassioned avenger, beseeching him to spare, for her sake, that doomed life. In what page of her voluminous annals does history record a spectacle of such exquisite beauty? What grace, what feminine tenderness and devotion, what heroic purpose of soul--what self-sacrificing resolution and firmness! And that in a child of twelve years old--and that child an untaught savage of the wilderness, who had never heard the name of Jesus, or of that gospel which teaches to love our enemies, and do good to them that hate us!"--P. 54-55., Other portraits appear in: New York Mirror, v. 18, no. 3 (July 11, 1840), p. 17; The Picture of the baptism of Pocahontas: painted by order of Congress, for the rotundo of the Capitol, by J.G. Chapman, of Washington, plate opposite p. 8; McKenney, T.L., Memoirs, official and personal, v.2 (New York, 1846), frontispiece; Hale, S.J., Woman's record (New York, 1853), p. 474; Jones, A.D., The illustrated American biography (New York, 1853), v.1., p. [21]; Jones, A.D., The American portrait gallery (New York, 1855), p. [21]; Frost, J., Pictorial history of America, v.1 (Philadelphia, 1856), p. 156; Clarke, M.C., World-noted women (New York, 1858), plate opposite p. 283; Goodrich, F.B., Women of beauty and heroism (New York, 1859), plate opposite p. 211., Waist-length portrait of Pocahontas, holding a flower.
Full-length portrait of the back of Mrs. Daviess, holding a shotgun aimed at an Indian man stepping through a doorway., In Frost, John. Daring and heroic deeds of American women (Philadelphia, 1860), plate following p. 206., Mrs. Daviess was the wife of the late 18th-century Kentucky pioneer Samuel Daviess. She tricked her potential captor into setting down his gun, which she then used to hold him hostage.
Full-length portrait of the young woman, standing with hands clasped and arms uplifted. In the foreground Anglo and Indian men wield swords while two women stand weeping in the background., In Frost, John. Daring and heroic deeds of American women (Philadelphia, 1860), frontispiece., Jemima Boone was the daughter of pioneer Daniel Boone. While living in Kentucky in 1776, she and a friend by the name of Miss Calloway [i.e., Callaway] were captured by a group of Indians. The girls were retrieved after a fatal confrontation between Boone’s men and the Indian men., Another portrait appears in: Frost, John. Daring and heroic deeds of American women (Philadelphia, 1860), plate following p. 26.
In McKenney, T.L. and J. Hall. History of the Indian tribes of North America, v.1 (Philadelphia, 1848), plate opposite p. 29. Also in 1836-1844 and 1838-1844 editions., Sacred Sun, also known as Mohongo, was one of seven members of the Osage tribe taken to Europe as "curiosities" for public exhibition. After their return to America, Mohongo visited Washington, D.C. and met various members of the government., "Perhaps when circumstances of embarassment, or perplexing objects of curiosity, were presented, the superior tact and flexibility of the female mind became apparent, and her companions learned to place a higher estimation upon her character, than is usually awarded by the Indian to the weaker sex. Escaped from servile labor, she had leisure to think. New objects were continually placed before her eye; admiration and curiosity were often awakened in her mind; its latent faculties were excited, and that beautiful system of association which forms the train of rational thought, became connected and developed. Mahongo was no longer the drudge of a savage hunter, but his friend. Such are the inferences which seem to be fairly deductible, when contrasting the agreeable expression of this countenance, with the stolid lineaments of other females of the same race."--P. 32., Waist-length portrait of Sacred Sun, seated, wearing metal and beaded necklaces and earrings, and holding a child on her lap.
Waist-length portrait of Mi-neek-ee-sunk-te-ka, seated, wearing beaded necklaces, bracelets, and earrings., In Prichard, James Cowles. The natural history of man (London, 1843), plate following p. 402., "Dr. Prichard’s Natural History of Man”., The distinctive physical features of the Mandan Indians - such as the prevalence of grey hair and variety of skin tones within the tribe - led Dr. James Prichard to include several of George Catlin’s portraits of Mandan Indians in his own anthropological works.
In Anderson, R. Memoir of Catharine Brown, a Christian Indian of the Cherokee Nation (Boston, 1825), frontispiece., Full-length recumbent portrait of the Cherokee woman, who was educated at Brainerd Mission near Chattanooga, Tennessee. She is depicted in bed, propped on her elbow, with an open book before her. Nearby, a woman, seated at a writing desk, holds a pen and appears to be taking dictation., "'Then raising herself in the bed & wiping a tear, that was falling from her eye, she with a sweet smile began to relate what God had done for her soul, while upon that sick bed.' Page 142."
Bust-length portrait of the criminal., In Sampson, M. B. Rationale of crime and its appropriate treatment; being a treatise on criminal jurisprudence considered in relation to cerebral organization. Edited by Eliza W. Farnham (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 158., “My acknowledgements are due to the officers of the Penitentiary on Blackwell’s Island for their politeness in furnishing me with facilities for taking the daguerreotypes, and to Mr. L. N. Fowler for aiding me in the selection of cases; nor must I omit to name Mr. Edward Serrell, who was obliging enough to take the outline drawings for me; or Mr. Brady, to whose indefatigable patience with a class of the most difficult of all sitters, is due the advantage of a very accurate set of daguerreotypes.” -- Introductory preface by Mrs. Farnham, p. xx., "C.P., a half-breed Indian and negro woman, under confinement for the fourth time. She has been twice imprisoned for petit, and once for grand larceny, and once for assault and battery with a knife. During one of her terms of confinement she attacked her keeper with a carving-knife, and he was compelled to fell her with a loaded cane. When excited she exhibits the most uncontrollable fury, and is always disposed to be offensive, aggressive, and more or less violent. In her head destructiveness is enormously developed, with large secretiveness and caution, and very defective benevolence and moral organs generally.”--P. 158.
Five separate shoulder-length portraits on a plate illustrating the location of various ipseals, or self-regarding organs., In Grimes, J. Stanley. A new system of phrenology (Buffalo, 1839), plate preceding p. 213., It is likely that the Mrs. Rapp featured in the plate is the wife of George Rapp, founder and leader of the Harmony Society, a utopian religious group., Red Jacket, a Seneca Indian orator and chief, married twice. Featured is either Aanjedek, whom he divorced, or Awaogoh, whom he went on to remarry.
