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Title: [Plate from Nicolas Ponce's Receuil du vues des lieux principaux de la colonie francaise de Saint-Domingue]
Description: Illustration after the romanticized paintings and drawings of artist Agostino Brunias (ca. 1730-1796) when he worked in the British West Indian colonies, particularly Dominica. Brunias’s work was often copied and the West Indian island or community depicted identified inaccurately. Moving clockwise from the top left, "Place et Fontaine Montarcher" shows a fountain and a city square idenitifed as in Cap-Francois (now Cap Haitien) in Saint-Domingue (Haiti). "Fontaine D'Estaing" shows a fountain in a city's port. Set on a street, "Costumes des Affranchies et des Esclaves des Colonies," shows differences in dress between free residents and enslaved peoples. In this scene, an enslaved woman offers food on a platter to two "Affranchies." The plaid cloth from which the enslaved women's shawl and head-dress are fashioned contrasts with the finery worn by the other two. Again, the fourth engraving,"Costumes des Affranchies et des Esclaves des Colonies" highlights differences in dress, this time in a landscape setting., Title supplied by cataloger., Illustration in Nicolas Ponce's Receuil du vues des lieux principaux de la colonie francaise de Saint-Domingue (A Paris: Chez Moreau de Saint-Mery, en son domicile, rue Caumartin, no. 31. [Chez] Ponce, rue Saint-Hyacinthe, no. 19. [Chez] Phelipeau, rue Saint-Jacques, près celle des Mathurins, no. 45., 1795), plate number 25, n.p., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Ponce, Nicolas, 1746-1831, engraver
Date: [1795]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare **Am 1795 Ponce 6368.F no 25, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2690

Title: [Plate from Nicolas Ponce's Receuil du vues des lieux principaux de la colonie francaise de Saint-Domingue]
Description: Illustration after the romanticized paintings and drawings of artist Agostino Brunias (ca. 1730-1796) when he worked in the British West Indian colonies, particularly Dominica. Brunias’s work was often copied and the West Indian island or community depicted identified inaccurately. Image consists of four separate roundels. Moving clockwise from the top left, "Blanchisseuses," shows three women at the edge of a river. To the left, on the bank of the river, a woman dressed only in a long skirt and a head-dress carries a child on her back while balancing a tray (and some type of load) on her head. In the center of the image, a lighter-skinned woman, draped only in a cloth, stands ankle-deep in the river. It appears as if she holds a mirror in her hand. Next to her, a third woman sits on a rock in the water. "Affrainchis des Colonies" shows three free residents (two women and a man) in fashions influenced by European styles. "Négres Jouant au Baton" is an outdoor sporting scene that features two men engaged in a baton fight; a large group of male spectators is assembled around them. "Danse de Négres" shows a group of men and women dancing and clapping to the music of a drum and a tamborine., Title supplied by cataloger., Illustration in Nicolas Ponce's Receuil du vues des lieux principaux de la colonie francaise de Saint-Domingue (A Paris: Chez Moreau de Saint-Mery, en son domicile, rue Caumartin, no. 31. [Chez] Ponce, rue Saint-Hyacinthe, no. 19. [Chez] Phelipeau, rue Saint-Jacques, près celle des Mathurins, no. 45., 1795), plate number 26, n.p., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Ponce, Nicolas, 1746-1831, engraver
Date: [1795]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare **Am 1795 Ponce 6368.F no 26, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2691

Title: [Tobacco house]
Description: Engraving accompanies the section, "Of the Tobacco House and its Variety," which begins Part II, "On the Manner of Housing, Curing, and Vending Tobacco in Virginia." A key to the illustration is printed at the front of the book. A denotes "the common Tobacco House." B shows tobacco hanging on a scaffold. C illustrates "the operation of prizing." D offers an "inside view of a Tobacco House, shewing [sic] the tobacco hanging to cure." E is an outside view of the public warehouse; F is an inside view of the public warehouse, "shewing the process of inspection.", Plate in William Tatham's An Historical and Practical Essay on the Culture and Commerce of Tobacco (London: Printed for Vernor and Hood, by T. Bensley, 1800), p. 27., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Work Scenes.
Creator: Newman, W., engraver
Date: [1800]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1800 Tat 2783.O p 27, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2705

Title: Settlement of M As estate in St. Domingo
Description: The engraving shows the plan of a coffee plantation in Saint Domingo (Haiti). According to the key, A denotes the dwelling house and coffee store; B shows the garden; C is the orchard; D corresponds with the kitchen, out houses, hospital, and hospital yard; E is the mill house; F is a "bason [sic] to wash the coffee;" G is marked "D.o for Scum Coffee;" H is the "Platform for D.o;" I denotes a canal or pipe; K shows the drying platforms; L is the "Negro Houses;" M is the poultry yard; N marks the stables and pen; OO is the river; PP is the road; and Q is the bell., Fold-out plate in P.J. Laborie's The Coffee Planter of Saint Domingo (London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1798, plate 4., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Work Scenes.
Creator: Neele, engraver
Date: [1798]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1798 Labo 77534.O plate 4, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2704

Title: A rebel Negro armed & on his guard
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings. According to Stedman's account, the image depicts a rebel Surinamese negro. As he wrote, "This rebel negro is armed with a firelock and a hatchet; his hair, though woolly, may be observed to be plaited close to his head, by way of distinction from the rangers, or any other straggling negroes, who are not yet accepted amongst them; his beard is grown to a point, like that of all Africans, when they have no opportunity of shaving. The principal dress of this man consists of a cotton sheet, negligently tied across his shoulders, which protects him from the weather, and serves him also to rest on; while he always sleeps under cover in the most obscure places he can find, when detached from his companions. The rest of his dress is a camisa, tied around his loins like a handkerchief; his pouch, which is made of some animal's skin; a few cotton strings for ornament around his ancles [sic] and wrists; and a superstitious obia or amulet tied about his neck, in which he places all his confidence. The skull and ribs are supposed to be the bones of his enemies, scattered upon the sandy savannah." (vol. 2, p. 88-89), Plate in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 2, p. 88., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Resistance.
Creator: Bartolozzi, Francesco, 1727-1815, engraver
Date: Dec. 1, 1794
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 88, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2699

Title: Manner of bush-fighting by the African negroes; Gradation of shades between Europe & Africa
Description: As Stedman noted, he sketched the top diagram to better convey the African negroes' manner of bush fighting. The following explanation can be found in his text: "The two columns E and F are supposed to be first engaged, where No 1 in the column E commences the attack by firing at random in the opposite bushes; and instantly retires, by shifting his place to No 1 in the column C, where he re-loads; while No 2 in the column F, having fired at the flash of his pan, advances in the same manner, shifting his station to re-load at No 2 in the column D; and at the flash of whose pan No 3 fires in E, and receives the fire of No 4 in F, &c. &c. Thus continuing through both lines, til No 8 has fired in F, when the whole have shifted their stations; and the same manoeuvre is continued with the columns C and D, beginning again with the identical numbers 1, 2, 3, &c. at the top; while these lines, having shifted their places, still the firing is repeated by the lines A and B, and thus ad infinitum, until by sounding the horn one of the parties gives way in fight, and the battle is over." Below the diagram, a color scale shows some skin-tone gradations between black and white. Commenting on this, Stedman wrote: "Having frequently mentioned the different shades between a black and a white, the same plate represents them to the reader at one view. From the above two colours the mulatto is produced; from the mulatto and black, the sambo; from the mulatto and white, the quaderoon, & c. &c.", Plate LIV in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 2, p. 98., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Resistance.
Date: Dec. 1, 1791
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 98, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2700

Title: Chatoyer the Chief of the Black Charaibes in St. Vincent with his five wives
Description: Engraving illustrates an episode described in Chapter 13 of Edward's volume, "A Tour through the Several Islands of Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Antigua, Tobago, and Grenada, in the Years 1791, and 1792." The chapter was written by Sir William Young, the owner of the painting upon which this engraving is based. Set on the island of St. Vincent, the engraving shows Chatoyer, the chief of the black Charaibes, and his five wives., Folded plate in Bryan Edward's The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, in three volumes (London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1801), vol. 3, p. 262., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Resistance.
Creator: Grignion, Charles, 1717-1810, engraver
Date: [March 18, 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1801 Edwar 18058.O v 3 p 262, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2706

Title: Flagellation of a female Samboe slave
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it illustrates an incident that he witnessed during his travels in Surinam. According to Stedman's account, the image shows a beautiful Samboe girl of about eighteen, who was tied by both arms to a tree limb and flagellated by two overseers in such a manner that "she was from her neck to her ancles [sic] literally dyed over with blood." When Stedman reached her, she had already received 200 lashes, and he begged one of the overseers to let her down. At this point, however, the overseer explained that, in order to prevent strangers from interfering with his government, he had made an unalterable rule to double any slave's punishment when a stranger tried to intervene on his or her behalf. The girl thus received another 200 lashes., Plate XXXV in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796) vol. I, facing p. 326., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: [between 1791 and 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 326, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2697

Title: A female negro slave, with a weight chained to her ancle [sic]
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it records an incident that he witnessed during his travels in Surinam. In Port Amsterdam, Stedman encountered a young female slave dressed in a scanty loin-cloth, which, like her skin, bore the traces of a whip. As punishment for failing to complete a task to which she was unequal, the young woman was forced to wear a chain around her ankle to which a hundred pound weight was also affixed. This she wore for some months., Plate IV in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. I, facing page 15., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Creator: Bartolozzi, Francesco, 1727-1815, engraver
Date: Dec. 1, 1795
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 15, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2693

Title: A Negro festival drawn from nature in the island of St. Vincent
Description: Set in a lush, tropical landscape on the island of St. Vincent, the image shows a "Negro festival." In the center of the scene, an attractive couple performs a dance to the music of a tamborine and a drum, played by the girl and boy to the left. Although the dancers are barefoot, they are both well-dressed: she wears a low-collared dress that sets off a beaded necklace, and he wears a wig. Next to them, a light-skinned (possibly mulatto) couple appear in similar costume. The man's gesture suggests that he is inviting his partner to dance. In the right foreground, a more humbly dressed woman bends over to lay plates holding grapes, berries, a pineapple, and other fruits on the ground. In the right background, other well-dressed women sit at a table and are waited on by a girl., Plate in Bryan Edward's The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, Plates (London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, M.DCC.XCIV [1794]), n.p., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Audinet, Philip, 1766-1837, engraver
Date: [Nov. 18, 1794]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1794 Edwar (2) 696.Q np, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2689

Title: A Surinam planter in his morning dress
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings, which record his impressions of Surinam. It offers a detailed frontal view of a Surniman planter, who stands in the extreme foregroud of the image; the planter's turned head also provides a profile view of his face. Behind him and to the right, a female slave, wearing only a skirt and a headress, pours him a glass of wine. Stedman described the scene as follows: "His worship now saunters out in his morning dress, which consists of a pair of the finest Holland trowsers, white silk stockings, and red or yellow Morocco slippers; the neck of his shirt open, and nothing over it, a loose flowing night-gown of the finest India chintz excepted. On his head is a cotton night-cap, as thin as a cobweb, and over that an enormous beaver hat, that protects his meagre visage from the sun, which is already the color of mahogany, while his whole carcase seldom weighs above eight or ten stone, being generally exhausted by the climate and dissipation. To give a more complete idea of this fine gentleman, I in the annexed plate present him to the reader with a pipe in his mouth, which almost everywhere accompanies him, and receiving a glass of Madeira wine and water, from a female quaderoon slave, to refresh him during his walk." (vol. 2, p. 56), Plate XLIX in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. II, facing p. 56., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: Dec. 2, 1793
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 56, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2698

Title: Family of Negro slaves from Loango
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings, which record his impressions of Surinam. According to the accompanying text, it shows "a negro family in that state of tranquil happiness, which they always enjoy under a humane and indulgent master." Stedman described the illustration as follows: "The figures in the plate are supposed to be of the Loango nation, by the marks on the man's body, while on his breast may be seen J.G.S. in a cypher, by which his owner may ascertain his property. He carries a basket with small fish, and a net upon his head, with a large fish in his hand, caught by himself in the river. His wife, who is pregnant, is employed in carrying different kinds of fruit, spinning a thread of cotton upon her distaff, and comfortably smoking her pipe of tobacco. Besides all this, she has a boy upon her back, and another playing by her side." (vol. 2, p. 280), Plate LXVIII in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 2, p. 280., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: [between 1791 and 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 280, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2701

Title: Manner of sleeping &c in the forest ; Rural retreat, the cottage
Description: Printed one on top of the other, these two separate engravings record John Gabriel Stedman's memories of Surinam. Entitled "Manner of sleeping &c in the forest," the above image shows the type of hammock that Stedman and the other members of his party used during their encampment. Hammock shown here is suspended from four narrow wooden poles that have been pounded into the ground, and is covered by what appears to be a rudimentary straw roof. To the right, two unclothed slave women have built a small camp-fire, which they use to heat water to do the washing. Image below bears the title "Rural retreat, the cottage." It appears to show a member of Stedman's expedition with his wife and child (quite possibly, Stedman and his wife Joanna). Seemingly, the illustration corresponds with a passage in which Stedman described the simple houses that he and the others constructed. Of his own house, he wrote, " [it] was finished without either nail or hammer, in less than six days, though it had two rooms, a piazza with rails, and a small kitchen, besides a garden, in which I sowed, in pepper-cresses, the names of Joanna and John; . . . . " (vol. 2, p 323), Plate LXXIII in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. II, facing p. 324., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Barlow, engraver
Date: Dec. 1, 1791
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 324, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2703

Title: Female quadroon [sic] slave of Surinam
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings, which record his impressions of Surinam. It offers a detailed frontal view of female slave from Surinam, who, being a quaderoon, belonged to a "class . . .much respected for their affinity to Europeans." (A quaderoon, as Stedman explained, is "the offspring of a white and a mulatto;" and there were many in Surinam.) The plate is accompanied by a lengthy passage, which reads as follows: "To give the reader a more lively idea of these people, I shall describe the figure and dress of a Quaderoon girl, as they usually appear in this colony. They are mostly tall, straight, and gracefully formed; rather more slender than the Mulattoes, and never go naked above the waist, like the former. Their dress commonly consists of a sattin petticoat, covered with flowered gauze; a close short jacket, made of best India chintz or silk, laced before and shewing about an hand-breadth of a fine muslin shirt between the jacket and the petticoat. As for stockings and shoes, the slaves in this country never wear them. Their heads are adorned with a fine bunch of black hair in short natural ringlets; they wear a black or white beaver hat, with a feather, or a gold loop and button: their neck, arms, and ancles are ornamented with chains, bracelets, gold medals, and beads. All these fine women have European husbands, to the no small mortification of the fair Creolians; yet should it be known that an European female had an intercourse with a slave of any denomination, she is for ever detested, and the slave loses his life without mercy." (vol. 1, p. 297), Plate XXXII in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796) vol. I, facing p. 296., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Scenes from Slave Life.
Creator: Perry, engraver
Date: [between 1791 and 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 296, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2696

Title: Group of Negroes as imported to be sold for slaves
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it shows a procession of slaves that he encountered during his travels in Surinam. Of the group, Stedman wrote, "They were a drove of newly-imported negroes, men and women, with a few children, who were just landed from on board a Guinea ship that lay anchor in the roads, to be sold for slaves. The whole party was such a set of scarcely animated automatons, such a resurrection of skin and bones, as forcibly reminded me of the last trumpet. These objects appeared that moment to be risen from the grave, or escaped from Surgeon's Hall; and I confess I can give no better description of them, than by comparing them to walking skeletons covered over with a piece of tanned leather." (vol. 1, p. 200) Stedman eventually continued, "Before these wretches, which might be in all about sixty in number, walked a sailor, and another followed behind with a bamboo-rattan; the one serving as a shepherd to lead them along, and the other as his dog to worry them occasionally, should any one lag behind, or wander away from the flock." (vol. 1, p. 200) He noted, however, that despite their condition, the slaves' facial expressions betrayed little dejectedness -- a point reflected in Blake's engraving., Plate XXII in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 1, p. 200., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: [between 1791 and 1796]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 200, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2695

Title: Plan and sections of a slave-ship / Representation of an insurrection on board a slave-ship [insert]
Description: This page introduces several diagrams under the title "Plan and Sections of a Slave Ship." Fig. I is a vertical cross-section of the hold of a slave-ship, seen from the side. It shows the manner in which slaves were forced to spend the voyage: lying flat on their backs in rows, one pressed against another. Figs. II. and III are vertical cross-sections viewed from the ship's bow or stern. Figs. IV, V, VI, and VII are aerial views of the ship's hold, all of which clearly illustrate the inhumane conditions in which slaves were transported. In addition to these diagrams, the page also includes a separate insert entitled "Representation of an Insurrection on Board a Slave-Ship." The engraving is accompanied by two captions, the first of which appears above the image and reads: "Showing how the crew fire upon the unhappy slaves from behind the BARRICADO, erected on board all Slave ships, as a security whenever such commotions may happen." Printed below the image, the second caption reads: "See the privy council's report part I. Art: Slaves, Minutes of evidence before the House of Commons. Wadstrom's Essay on Colonization. 471." A version of the engraving appeared, as a color lithograph, in William Fox's A Brief History of the Wesleyan Missions of the Western Coast of Africa (London: Printed for the author, published by Aylott and Jones, 8, Paternoster-Row, 1851, p. 116)., Folded insert at the back of Carl Bernhard Wadstrom's An Essay on Colonization: Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce; also Brief Descriptions of the Colonies already Formed, or Attempted, in Africa, Including those of Sierra Leone and Bulama (London: Printed for the author, by Darton and Harvey, Gracechurch-Street. And sold by G. Nicol, No. 58, Pall-Mall; W. Faden, corner of St. Martin's Lane, Strand; J. Stockdale, No. 191, Piccadilly; J. Edwards, No. 78, Pall-Mall; E. [sic] & J. Egerton, No. 32, Charing-Cross; J. Debrett, No. 179, Piccadilly; J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's Church-Yard; and C. Dilly, No. 22, Poultry, MDCCXCIV [1794-1795])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Images from the Slave Trade., Plates have been removed from book and are housed separately: 3# U Afr Wads 728.Q (Plates)
Date: [1795]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare 3# U Afr Wads 728.Q (Plates), https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2938

Title: [Methods and instruments of restraint, plate II]
Description: Illustration shows some types of restraints used by Mundingo (African) slave merchants when marching groups of slaves from Bambarra to Galam. Referring to Fig. I, Clarkson explained: "AA represents two separate pieces of wood, which in the Fig. 2, 3 are made fast to the necks of two Negroes by means of cords, which are composed of the roots of trees, and are in use in those countries. Many of the Negroes were accustomed to be driven before the Mundingoes, one by one, each with this instrument on his neck." As Clarkson continued, "The second manner of conducting them is described in the same plate. Fig. 4 represents an instrument, which is of wood. Within the crutches of the instrument, which are at each end of it, are placed the necks of two Negroes in Fig. 5, which are confined in it at the extremities XX by means of certain cords, which are in use in that part of the world. Thus confined, two at a time, others of the Negroes, who were annually brought from Bambarra to Galam are said to have travelled." (p. 36), Plate in Thomas Clarkson's Letters on the Slave Trade, and the State of the Natives in those Parts of Africa, which are Contiguous to St. Louis and Goree (London: Printed and sold by James Phillips, Geroge Yard, Lombard Street, 1791), p. 36., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Date: [1791]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1791 Cla 619.Q plate II p 36, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2685

Title: [Methods and instruments of restraint, plate III]
Description: Illustration shows some types of restraints used by Mundingo (African) slave merchants when marching groups of slaves from Bambarra to Galam. In the accompanying text, Clarkson explained, "In Fig. 1, B represents a large log of wood, X a crutch at one end of it, and A a twisted cord to which it is fastened at the other. This log is made fast to a Negro's neck in Fig. 2. It is reported to be so heavy and unmanageable, that it is extremely difficult for the person who wears it to walk, much less to escape or run away. In travelling it is said to be necessary to lift up the log, that is thus fastened to the neck of each, and to place the crutch of it on the shoulder of every preceding slave. Budensome as this instrument may appear to be, it is rendered more light and portable by these means. In this way, then many of the Negro slaves from Bambarra to Galam have been made to travel as described in Fig. 3 of the same plate. When it has been necessary to halt, the crutch has been taken from the shoulders of each, and the person, who has worn it, has remained then as in Fig. 2, as unable to walk or manage himself as before, and has become almost as secure, as if he had been chained to the spot in which he had been made to halt. When it has been thought necessary to proceed, the log has again been put on the neck of every preceding slave." (p. 36-37), Plate in Thomas Clarkson's Letters on the Slave Trade, and the State of the Natives in those Parts of Africa, which are Contiguous to St. Louis and Goree (London: Printed and sold by James Phillips, Geroge Yard, Lombard Street, 1791), p. 36., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Date: [1791]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1791 Cla 619.Q plate III p 36, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2684

Title: A Negro hung alive by the ribs to a gallows
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it illustrates an incident that he learned of during his travels in Surinam. According to Stedman, a "decent looking man" explained to him, "Not long ago, . . . I saw a black man suspended alive from a gallows, by the ribs, between which, with a knife, was first made an incision, and then clinched an iron hook with a chain; in this manner he kept alive three days, hanging with his head and feet downwards, and catching with his tongue the drops of water (it being the rainy season) that were flowing down his bloated breast." (vol. 1, p. 109), Plate XI in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. 1, p. 110., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Creator: Blake, William, 1757-1827, engraver
Date: Dec. 1, 1792
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 1 p 110, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2694

Title: The execution of breaking on the rack
Description: Engraving was done after one of John Gabriel Stedman's own drawings; it records an incident that he witnessed during his travels in Surinam. According to Stedman, the man on the rack was sentenced to death for having shot and killed an overseer. As Stedman wrote, "Informed of the dreadful sentence, he composedly laid himself down on his back on a strong cross, on which, with arms and legs expanded, he was fastened by ropes; the executioner, also a black man, having now with a hatchet chopped off his left hand, next took up a heavy iron bar, with which, by repeated blows, he broke his bones to shivers, till the marrow, blood, and splinters flew about the field; but the prisoner never uttered a groan nor a sigh." (vol. 2, p. 295), Plate LXXI in John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a five year's expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772 to 1777 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall, 1796), vol. II, p. 296., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Punishment Scenes.
Date: Dec. 2, 1792
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1796 Sted 755.Q v 2 p 296, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2702

Title: [Frontispiece for the Dying Negro]
Description: Aboard a ship, a partially clothed slave uses a dagger to cut through the chains and shackles that bind him. With one arm raised above his head, he looks toward heaven in an offeratory manner. Behind him, two white men are seen at work. A quill, an ink-well, an overturned barrel, a British flag, and other items are visible in the background., Frontispiece for Thomas Day's the Dying Negro: a Poem (London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1793)., Accompanied by the following inscription: "To you this unpolluted blood I pour. / To you that Spirit which ye gave restore.", Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Resistance Imagery.
Creator: Neagle, James, 1760?-1822, engraver
Date: [May 1793]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1793 Day 52504.O frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2686

Title: Femmes à Kréennes
Description: The engraving features three women from Kréennes and a young boy. Although it serves as the frontispiece, it accompanies letter VIII, "Du Fort de Christiansbourg, sur la Côte de Guinnée, Du 16 Octobre 1785," in which Isert discussed the importance of women's dress and appearance in Kréenes ("cette importante affaire"). As he explained, the women there often spent two hours at their toilette. The results of these efforts can be seen most clearly in the figure on the right: her hair is in a bun, and she wears a gold necklace. (In Kréennes, particular emphasis was placed on the decoration of head.) More strikingly, however, her skin is stamped with shapes, such as the cresent on her forehead and the star on her right forearm. As Isert noted, it was customary for women to soak wooden forms in bright paint and stamp their skin., Frontispiece for Paul E. Isert's Voyages en Guinée et dans les îles Caraïbes en Amérique (A Paris: chez Maradan, libraire, rue du Cimitière Saint André, no. 9, M.DCC.XCIII [1793])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project, Africa: Images, Maps, and Geography.
Date: [1793]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1793 Isert 6944.D frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2687

Title: The voyage of the Sable Venus, from Angola, to the West Indies
Description: Inspired by mythological imagery, the engraving features the Sable Venus from Angola, who is represented by a stately black woman in a decorative loin-cloth, and presented in a squarely frontal view. She is surrounded by cherubs waving feathers, Cupid with his bow and arrow, and the figure of Poseidon, who flies the British flag. The Sable Venus rides to the West Indies on a lush sea-chariot drawn by two sea-creatures, whose path she steers with her reins., Frontispiece for Bryan Edward's The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, Plates (London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, M.DCC.XCIV, [1794])., Fels Afro-Americana Image Project.
Creator: Grainger, W., engraver
Date: [Nov. 18, 1794]
Location: Library Company of Philadelphia | Books & Other Texts | Rare Am 1794 Edwar (2) 696.Q frontispiece, https://digital.librarycompany.org/islandora/object/Islandora%3A2688

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