Philadelphia on Stone Biographical Dictionary of Lithographers

The Philadelphia on Stone Biographical Dictionary of Lithographers contains the biographies of over 500 artists, lithographers, printers, and publishers who worked in commercial lithography in Philadelphia between 1828 and 1878.

Collection Metadata

Title: Philadelphia on Stone Biographical Dictionary of Lithographers
Description: The Philadelphia on Stone Biographical Dictionary of Lithographers contains the biographies of over 500 artists, lithographers, printers, and publishers who worked in commercial lithography in Philadelphia between 1828 and 1878.
Identifier: Islandora:POSB2
Language: eng

Pages

: Brechemin & Camp; Brechemin & Camp was a brief partnership between Philadelphia jeweler, lithographer Lewis Brechemin and Philadelphia lithographer John Henry Camp between 1847 and 1848 at 120 South Second street. The partnership produced portrait prints and commercial vignettes, including a view of the Merchants' Exchange by Augustus Kollner, a later partner of Camp.

: Brechemin, Lewis; Lewis Brechemin, born in France ca. 1786, was a Philadelphia jeweler who also partnered in the lithographic firm Brechemin & Camp ca. 1847-1848. In the jewelry trade since the 1810s, Brechemin partnered with John Henry Camp ca. 1847. Although he predominately produced lithographs under the partnership, Brechemin solely lithographed a portrait of David R. Porter, governor of Pennsylvania in 1848 and ca. 1840-ca. 1850 drew lithographs, including "The Ship & Its Furniture," printed by P. S. Duval for the American Sunday School Union. Brechemin also served as the artist of plates printed by Duval for Holbrook's second edition of "North American Herpetology" (1842). Following the partnership with Camp, Brechemin continued in the jewelry trade until ca. 1860 and received a "very good" credit rating in 1856., Brechemin was married to Ann (b. ca. 1792-1867) with whom he had two children in 1850. The family resided in the Dock Ward in real estate valued at $12,000, i.e., over $300,000 in 2008 dollars. A member of the French Benevolent Society, he died (following an accident) on March 12, 1866 while a resident at 224 South Second Street. Per his will filed in 1861, he bequeathed the "household furniture, kitchen utensils, silver plate in house and store on South Second Street below Dock Street" and a second house at 334 South Third Street to his wife as well as named his sister-in-law and three children as beneficiaries. His estate was appraised in April 1866 with a worth of $6500 by fellow jeweler and print colorist Alfred Pharazyn.

: Breen, Charles; Charles Breen worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia 1870-1871. He worked at 304 South Front Street.

: Breton, W. L. (William L.); William L. Breton, born ca. 1773-6 in England, was a watercolorist and early lithographer of Philadelphia landscapes active in the city ca. 1825-1855. Breton, a self-trained artist immigrated to Philadelphia about 1824, leaving a wife and several children in Europe. An amateur watercolorist of Philadelphia landmarks, Breton attracted the attention of antiquarian John F. Watson in the late 1820s as the latter compiled his "Annals of Philadelphia.", Retained by Watson as the artist of the illustrations for his "Annals," Breton also served 1828-1837 as an artist of engraved Philadelphia and West Pennsylvania views for Samuel Atkinson's "The Casket"; of which several reside in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia Athenaeum. In 1829, Breton entered the lithographic trade to execute the illustrations for the "Annals" and continued to work with the printers of the plates, first commercial Philadelphia lithographers, Kennedy & Lucas, throughout the early 1830s. The collaboration also created 1829-1830 the first separately-issued series of lithographic views of Philadelphia depicting local churches of variant denominations as well as produced lithographic illustrations for Watson's "Historic Tales of Olden Times..." of New York and Philadelphia (1832-1833); Mease and Porter's "Picture of Philadelphia from 1811 to 1833"; and "Godey's Lady's Book." Breton's lithography also included advertisements, including work for Lehman & Duval (1835-1837) and railroad imagery., Throughout the 1830s, Breton continued his work in watercolor. In 1837, he received acclaim and a sale for his view of the launching of the new frigate Pennsylvania from the Navy Yard which was followed by a depiction of the Departure of the Steam Ship Great Western from New York in 1838; both of which went on display with other of his work at the "Head Quarters." Following this era of productivity and success, Breton began to lessen his association with lithography. He possibly worked with Thomas Sinclair in the early 1840s, but soon thereafter his work mainly focused on watercolors that he produced in a state of retirement before his death on August 14, 1855, Breton appears to have lived mainly as a tenant during his Philadelphia residency with a studio at the Arcade Building in 1830 and at the S.E corner of Fourth and Walnut streets in 1849. He was a "gentleman" resident of the inn of Alex Quinton in Manayunk according to the 1850 census.

: Bretschneider, Edward; Edward/Edmund Bretschneider worked as a lithographer at Robert Pearsall Smith's publishing house at 19, i.e., 519 Minor Street between 1856 and 1859. In 1859, he resided at 128 Holmes Alley, behind 300 Market Street.

: Brett, Alphonse; Alphonse Brett, born in 1823 in France, was a noted chromolithographer of plates and cards, flower prints, building views, book illustrations, sheet music covers, and advertising prints in Philadelphia ca. 1846-1859. Brett printed lithographs delineated by local lithographers W. H. Rease, Christian Schussele, Friend & Aub, Alphonse Bigot, and Louis Haugg. In the early 1850s, he was listed in the Dun credit reports as reliable for credit and a "first-class workman, the best in this country," but as the decade passed, he experienced difficulty with partnerships and finances and ended his near-fifteen year career in Philadelphia in 1859., Brett partnered with John C. Keffer at 12 Bank (i.e., South Bank) Street by 1846, and produced Christmas and Valentine's Day cards delineated by engraver Nicholson Devereaux. He also created illuminated plates in T. W. Gwilt Mapleson's "Pearls of American Poetry" (one imprinted with the address "12 Bank St.") in 1847. Although their partnership dissolved by mutual consent on February 24, 1847, Brett continued the business from the same location until ca. 1850., Advertisements for his new shop at 169 Chestnut Street above Fifth Street appeared repeatedly in the "North American" and "Philadelphia Inquirer" between 1850 and 1852 and listed the variety of work he was capable of completing, "such as the drawing and printing of landscapes, views of buildings, architectural and ornamental design, portraits, music titles, maps and labels, executed either plain, or in the colored style of printing denominated Chromo-Lithograph, to perfect which he has procured himself all the latest improvements." These same advertisements also indicated that "he has lately returned from Europe," and an extant New York Passenger list, dated September 13, 1852, places him on the Humboldt ship arriving from Le Havre, France., Brett subsequently partnered about 1852 until February 1853 with Scotsman David Chillas in A. Brett & Co. at Goldsmiths' Hall on Library Street near Fifth Street. Their short-lived partnership devolved into a court battle for a $1000 debt that reached the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and culminated in an auction of lithographic stones and other stock of A. Brett & Co. Despite this professional misfortune, Brett continued in business from 4 and 6 South Seventh Street between 1854 and 1856 from where he produced exquisite chromolithographic advertisements for perfumer Apollos Harrison. At the end of 1856, Brett faced misfortune again when his third-story establishment was destroyed by fire with a loss of over $7,000. It was reported that “a number of his customers, who had engraving and finished work in the establishment, are severe losers.” Conflicting reports indicated he had either $5000 in insurance or none. Brett did reestablish his business and between 1857 and 1859 operated from 13 South Sixth Street (i.e., N.E. cor. 6th and Minor). Subsequently, he relocated his lithographic business permanently to New York., Brett encountered more professional setbacks in New York, including an 1868 incident where he was arrested and accused of assisting the firm Fisk & Hatch in forging checks against the Central Bank of Brooklyn. The following year he was again charged, with his business partner William Jones and other printers in New York, of printing counterfeit notes for the "Haytian Government." These incidents necessarily affected Brett's business, and on March 16, 1870, he filed for bankruptcy., Nonetheless, the lithographic firm created by Brett in New York, renamed Brett Lithographing Co. in 1872, survived until 1958, when the United States Printing & Lithographing Company acquired it. Brett continued at his firm until his death on August 18, 1889., During his career in Philadelphia, Brett married the French-born Maria (b. ca. 1826) and resided for several years at 533 Powell (i.e., Delancey Street) in Center City. They had two children, Charles (b. 1854) and Alphonsine (b. 1857), before relocating to New York in the late 1850s. Two more children, Mary E. (b. 1862) and Henry (b. 1864), were born after they relocated. By the time Brett passed away, he resided at 99 Keap Street in Brooklyn, New York.

: Breuker & Kessler; Breuker & Kessler was a practical and commercial lithographic establishment formed by George W. Breuker, Sr. and Harry C. Kessler, Sr. in January 1866 at the southwest corner of Seventh and Chestnut Streets. Both men had previously worked for Jacob Haehnlen (125 South Third Street) - Kessler as a clerk and bookkeeper, and Breuker as a lithographer. Following the establishment of Breuker & Kessler, a number of Haehnlen's lithographers, including George D. Shubert, relocated to the new firm by February 1866. The firm produced drug, perfume, wine and liquor labels, trade cards, show cards, maps and "all kinds of commercial engravings.", During the 1870s, Breuker & Kessler contributed a photographic advertisement showing the business's building surrounded by bank checks to Wenderoth, Taylor & Brown's "Gallery of Arts and Manufacturers of Philadelphia" (1871); promoted their special method of printing bonds to prevent counterfeiting in 1874; and issued an 1875 view of a proposed building for the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 for which they lost a copyright infringement cased filed by Toudy & Co. Other work includes a view of the proposed building for City Hall titled "New Public Buildings, Broad & Market Sts., Philadelphia" (ca. 1880s)., Family members of both Breuker and Kessler worked for the company as lithographers, clerks and bookkeepers until at least the 1920s. Active Breuker family members included Breuker's brother, Charles (b. March 1840) as well as his sons George W., Jr. (b. 1862) who served as vice president in 1907, William (b. 1860), and John C. (1865-1918) who served as president in 1911. Active Kessler family members included his brothers, J. Millard (b. 1848) and William S. (b. 1846), who assumed his portion of Breuker & Kessler when he relocated to Montana in the mid-1870s. In addition, Harry C., Jr. (b. 1883) started his career at Breuker & Kessler with his father upon their return from Montana in 1905 and eventually served as secretary and treasurer of the company until the mid-1920s. Breuker & Kessler, renamed Breuker & Kessler Co., remained active in the trade until the 1930s.

: HSP-GeoWBreuker-Jackson-LithInPhila.jpg; George W. Breuker, lithographer, printer, and photographer, was born in Hannover, Germany on September 21, 1834 and emigrated to the United States on the ship Louise Marie from Bremen, Germany in October 1854. By 1855, he worked as a "photographist" and resided with his brother, Frederick, in South Philadelphia on Worth Street above Franklin (i.e., Cross Street above Tasker Street). By 1866, George was a lithographer living in Ward 12 who had worked at the Philadelphia lithographic establishments of Eugene Ketterlinus and Jacob Haehnlen until he formed his own shop, Breuker & Kessler with Harry C. Kessler at Seventh and Chestnut streets in 1866. Breuker remained with the company, which retained good credit throughout the 1870s and 1880s, until his death on June 19, 1896., George was married to Madeline (1834-1891) and had three sons, William G. (b. 1860), George W., Jr. (b. January 1863), and John C. (b. 1865). He resided with his family in Ward 12 of the city until his death. George Jr. was also a lithographer and joined Breuker & Kessler in 1886, eventually serving as Vice President of the firm in the 1910s. His brothers William and John were both photographers in the late 1880s and early 1890s. John C. became a lithographer in the mid-1890s and eventually served as President of Breuker & Kessler in the 1910s.

: Brewster, Edmund; Edmund Brewster, born ca. 1794 in New Jersey, was an artist and lithographer who worked in Philadelphia from the late 1820s to 1850. Before entering the lithographic trade, Brewster worked as a respected portrait painter in New Orleans from 1819 to the early 1820s. From 1828 to 1833, Brewster worked as a portrait painter in Philadelphia while he also operated a lithographic establishment at 82 South Third Street. He produced predominately portrait lithographs and later entered into daguerreotypy. Brewster also exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1818., By 1840, Brewster lived in Southwark Ward 5, where he continued to live with his wife Lydia (b. ca. 1802) and several children aged 20 to 26, including son and doctor Thomas Brewster, who in April 1850 advertised his assumption of his father's daguerreotype studio (Rye and Wharton streets) as well as the sale of a lithographic press.

: Bridgens, Henry; Henry F. Bridgens, a map lithographer and publisher, born in England about 1824 immigrated to the United States before 1850. By September 1856, he resided in Philadelphia and had gained U.S. citizenship. Although primarily a surveyor and map publisher, his early work included acting as principal lithographer for the "Map of the Township of Westhempfield, Lancaster County, Penna." (1850) in addition to possibly lithographing several plates of J. C. Sidney's "American Cottage and Villa Architecture" (1850). By 1853, he formed the short-lived map publishing firm R. P. & H. F. Bridgens with Richard P. Bridgens that ended soon thereafter when Richard relocated to California. Bridgens is also known for the creation of the first county atlas, when he reissued his 1860 wall map of Berks County as a bound volume in 1861. Although listed as a conveyancer at the time of his death on November 22, 1872, Bridgens continued his work as a map publisher until his last day of life. At the time, he was working on an atlas of Chester County, which was completed posthumously by A. R. Witmer of Safe Harbor, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

: Bridgens, Richard; Richard/Robert Bridgens, a Philadelphia lithographer, established the map publishing firm R. P. & H. F. Bridgens with Henry F. Bridgens in 1853. Following the short-lived partnership, Bridgens, who surveyed a number of maps and plans in the early 1850s, relocated to California where he worked as a civil engineer and architect. Later, he traveled to Japan where he designed a number of structures throughout the country.

: Bridport, Hugh; Hugh Bridport, born in England in 1794, was a portrait painter, drawing instructor, architect, and engraver, who practiced lithography in Philadelphia 1828-1830s. Trained at the Royal Academy and with miniature painter Charles Wilkins, Bridport immigrated to Philadelphia with his artist brother George in 1816. Soon after their arrival, the brothers established an architectural drawing academy that operated until 1822. In 1824, Bridport served as a founding member of the Franklin Institute and taught architectural drawing classes there until 1833., During the latter portion of this time, Bridport engaged in the trade of lithography with Kennedy & Lucas, the first commercial establishment in the city. He lithographed two of Kennedy & Lucas's earliest prints "Cowell as Crack in The Turnpike Gate" (1828) and "The Pagoda and Labyrinth Gardens, near Fairmount" (1828). Bridport would continue to work with Kennedy & Lucas as a lithographer as well as with the early premier firms of C. G. Childs and M. E. D. Brown. Although predominately a lithographer of portraits, including one of Rev. W.H. Furness, Bridport also drew the noted lithograph "Camp Meeting" after the painting by Alexander Rider as well as views of Niagara Falls ca. 1830. Bridport's work in lithography tapered off in the early 1830s and he focused his artistic career on portrait painting., From the 1810s to 1840s, Bridport also exhibited paintings at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art and Artist's Fund Society. In the 1860s, he earned sufficient income to be taxed by the I.R.S.; representative of his 1860 census listing as a "gentleman" with a personal estate worth $15,000 (ca. $400,000 in 2008 dollars)., During his lithographic career, he maintained a portrait painting studio at Fifth and Chestnut streets and lived at 2 Ranstead Court in 1833. Bridport was married to Rachel (b. ca. 1820) with whom he had at least three children. Bridport died on July 17, 1870 with his final listing in the census as a "merchant."

: Brown, Bazilla S.; Bazilla S. Brown, born ca. 1815 in New Jersey, was a Philadelphia grocer and organizer of the Volunteer Refreshment Saloon during the Civil War, who published "Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, supported gratuitously by the citizens of Philadelphia, Pa." in 1861. The print was designed and printed by Philadelphia lithographer William Boell., In 1870, Brown lived in the Second Ward with his wife Catherine and several children with a personal estate worth $1,500, i.e., about $25, 500 in the 2008 market.

: Brown, M. E. D. (Manneville Elihu Dearing); Manneville Elihu Dearing Brown, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on April 13, 1810, was a premier early Philadelphia lithographer and painter. Trained ca. 1827-1831 as an artist in the prominent Boston lithographic firm the Pendletons, Brown entered the lithographic trade in Philadelphia in 1831 when he established his own shop at 5 Library Street. Brown served as the main lithographer and pressman of his shop and he designed and printed lithographs for the "Floral Magazine" (1832-1834); "American Journal of Science and Arts" (1832-1833); and "Cabinet of Natural History" (1830-1834). Brown also produced loose prints including portraits, city views, sheet music covers, and advertisements. Noted works include the humorous allegorical swine print "Prodigal Son" (1832) praised in the "United States Gazette and one of the earliest Philadelphia news event prints showing "The Gold & Silver Artificers of Phila. In Civic Procession 22 Feb 1832" in honor of George Washington's centennial birthday., In 1833, Brown engaged his former Pendleton colleague Nathaniel Currier as a lithographer for a year before Currier relocated to New York and Brown left Philadelphia and the trade under financial duress. The establishment despite being in operation until only 1834 produced some of the finest lithographs during the early years of the trade. During the early 1830s, Brown also drew for his former employers the Pendleton's New York firm in addition to exhibiting his art work at the Artist's Fund Society of Philadelphia in 1835 and the National Academy of Design in 1845 and 1850., After 1834, Brown relocated to Upstate New York (Geneva and Utica) where he concentrated on portrait painting before he traveled to Europe where he studied art 1839-1849. Following this period, he returned to Utica and worked as a respected painter, particularly of portraits, until his death on September 1, 1896. He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Utica, New York, survived by a nephew.

: Brunner, Jacob; Jacob Brunner, born ca. 1820 in Switzerland, worked 1855-ca. 1860 as a lithographer at Robert Pearsall Smith's publishing house at 17-19, i.e., 519 Minor Street. He was married to Margaret (b. ca. 1827), and had two children, Alla (b. ca. 1854) and Bertha (b. ca. 1856). A resident of Camden, N.J. beginning ca. 1856, Brunner was employed as a gunsmith by 1880.

: Brushman, Charles; Charles Brushman, born about 1825 in Pennsylvania, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia in 1850 and 1870. He resided in the Dock Ward in 1850. He married Amelia (b. ca. 1830), with whom he had four children: Amelia (b. 1855), Henry (b. 1860), Lotta (b.1860) and Charles (b. 1865), and resided in Ward 5 by 1870.

: Bucher, Theodore; Theodore Bucher, born ca. 1844 to German immigrants in Pennsylvania, worked as a lithographer and printer in Philadelphia 1858-1880. P. S. Duval employed Bucher at 22 South Fifth Street in 1858 and 1859. By 1880, Bucher resided at 1748 North Third Street with his wife, Mary (b. ca. 1843) and their two daughters, Clara (b. 1873) and Natte (b. 1875).

: LCP-BurkMcFetridge-Tradecards-P-9111-15.jpg; Burk & McFetridge, the steam power printing, lithography and publishing establishment operated by Pennsylvania natives William M. Burk (ca. 1857-1905) and John R. McFetridge (1844-1903), produced lithographic trade cards, advertisements, book illustrations, pamphlets, calendars and other job printing related material in Philadelphia between 1877 and 1900. Initially colleagues at the Inquirer Printing Office (304 Chestnut Street), where Burk worked as the printer and foreman and McFetridge as a stamp agent, they purchased the printing house from William W. Harding in 1877. The Burk & McFetridge partnership operated from the second and fourth floors of the building until relocating next door to 306-308 Chestnut Street in 1884. In 1893, the firm incorporated and was renamed Burk & McFetridge Co. By 1898, the firm advertised they employed "one hundred and ten hands," one of who two years later caused an investigation by creditors as a result of the embezzlement of funds from the company. The company had total assets valued at between $400,000 and $500,000 at the time. Subsequently, three months after the inquiry, John R. McFetridge withdrew from the firm and legally filed to incorporate a new printing and publishing establishment under the name John R. McFetridge & Sons. McFetridge Sr. died suddenly in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1903, and Burk not long after in 1905. John R. McFetridge & Sons remained in operations until at least 1945

: Busch, Edward; Edward A. F. Busch, born about 1839 in Saxony, Germany worked as a map engraver and lithographer in Philadelphia 1869-1876. Busch immigrated to the United States during the 1860s. He worked first with Theodore Bosin in the short-lived firm of Bosin & Busch in 1869-1870 and then on his own until his death on October 13, 1876., He worked with the map publishing firm of Griffith Morgan Hopkins (with whom he shared a business address) and engraved all of Hopkins's atlases throughout the early 1870s, including the six-volume "City Atlas of Philadelphia" (1875-1876). He was succeeded by Walter S. MacCormac (1850- 1913) after his death. Busch was married to Bertha (b. ca. 1846), with whom he had five children, Edward (b. ca. 1864), Minnie (b. ca. 1866), Carl (b. ca. 1867), Lillie (b. ca. 1869), and Rose (1870-1873). Following his death in 1876 from dropsy, he was buried in Glenwood Cemetery.

: Butler, J. B.; J. B. Butler, was a Philadelphia lithographer during the mid 1850s. His known work includes a ca. 1856 portrait print of General Scott published by stationer, bookseller, and lithographer Richard Magee.

: Butler, William H.; William H. Butler, lithographer and partner in Packard & Butler, was born in New York ca. 1848. In 1880, he relocated to Philadelphia with his wife Lena (b. ca. 1854) and resided with his new partner Hebert S. Packard (1850-1912) at his residence at 1918 Mt. Vernon Street. By 1884, Butler settled at 1832 North Twenty-First Street (North Philadelphia); his residential address until the end of his listings in Philadelphia city directories ca. 1893., Butler remained with Packard & Butler, later Packard, Butler & Partridge, until May 1885 when he assumed management of the firm previously operated by Thomas Hunter (former partner of S. C. Duval). Despite Butler's departure from Packard, Bulter & Partridge, his name remained associated with the Packard partnership until January 1886 when fire claimed the building tenanted by the establishment at 715 Arch Street. According to newspaper reports, Butler was fully insured for $45,000. Only a month earlier, Butler was also in the news when he filed charges against the financially troubled "Godey's Lady Book" proprietor J. H. Haulenbeck for false pretenses regarding a credit of $1800 worth of goods. Butler continued as a Philadelphia lithographer until ca. 1893.

: C. W. Bender & Co.; C.W. Bender & Co., the business name for C. W. Bender, published the P. S. Duval lithograph "Henry Clay" in 1844. Bender operated a planing mill in Philadelphia in 1857. The imprint of the lithograph lists the 1844 residential address of C. W. Bender at 71 Dock Street.

: HSP-JHenryCamp-Jackson-LithInPhila.jpg; John Henry Camp, born ca. 1821 in Prussia (Germany), was an established engraver, lithographer, and transferrer who worked in Philadelphia ca. 1847-1881. Arriving in the United States before the 1840s, Camp declared his intent to naturalize in Philadelphia in September 1844. The Philadelphia city directories first listed Camp as a lithographer in 1847 with a residence in Northern Liberties at 22 Duke Street. Within a year, having possibly left the employ of P. S. Duval, he formed the short-lived partnership Brechemin & Camp with jeweler and lithographer Louis Brechemin and ca. 1849-1851 worked in a partnership with Augustus Kollner. Kollner served as artist and Camp as printer in their practical lithography firm on Phoenix Block (i.e., Second and Chestnut streets) that produced illustrations for American Sunday School moral lesson books, advertisements, views, and maps., By 1852, the partnership with Kollner ended and Camp tenanted the Artisan Building, Ranstead Place (4th and Chestnut) and was noted for his production of maps for school atlases. He remained at the site until 1856 when fire destroyed his underinsured shop and he joined Theodore Leonhardt and Ferdinand Moras at 609 Chestnut Street (1857-ca. 1860) where he served as head of the printing department and his monetary misfortunes continued. According to credit reports, in 1857, poor financial dealings with the publishing firm H. Cowperthwaite & Co. caused Camp to lose any credit rating. However, he remained in the trade and by 1868, he relocated his own establishment from Seventh and Cherry Streets to 36 South Fifth Street, and began to receive a fair-credit rating. By 1870, however, he again associated with Moras at 609 Chestnut and 610 Jayne streets, where he remained for several years. Camp was also purported by Jackson to have operated the first steam lithographic press in the city., In the early 1870s, Camp added photo-lithography to his printing services and produced a large number of photo-lithographs of views of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. He also assumed sole operation of the 610 Jayne Street establishment in 1877 as well as produced fashion plates for "Godey's Lady's Book." That year, he was reported as "now pays and stands well, has a good stock of plates, does a nice business, and has good credit" and in 1878 had an estimated worth of $20,000. By 1881, he had assumed the business of his brother A. Camp, a dyer, and his son John, Jr. (b. ca. 1853) managed the lithographic establishment. Camp died on April 8, 1881 with an estate estimated at $40, 000 and left his shop with twelve employees and an estimated worth of $20,000 under the management of his son, John, Jr. The firm remained active until 1893 when assumed by Arno Leonhardt, the son of John Sr.'s former associate., Camp lived in North Philadelphia from the beginning of his residency in Philadelphia. By the 1850 census, he lived at Duke Street with his French-born wife Sarah (b. ca. 1823), with whom he had three children, including son John, Jr., as well as his in-laws the Sniders, including brother-in-law George (b. ca. 1840), also a lithographer. Between 1852 and 1869, he and his family resided at 149 Noble Street and in 1870 the Camps relocated to 409 North Fourth Street where "lithograph printer" William Crawford (b. ca. 1834) lived with the Camps in 1870. Camp, who also associated with a number of German organizations, including acting as a director of the German Hospital, and serving as a member of the German Maennerchor and German Society, remained at that address until his death.

: Cantwell, Edward C.; Edward C. Cantwell, born in Ireland circa 1837, worked as a lithographic printer in Philadelphia between 1858 and 1880. Early in his career Cantwell was employed at the L. N. Rosenthal establishment at the northwest corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets., Cantwell remained in Ward 3 of the city for at least twenty years with his Pennsylvania-born wife, Margaret (b. ca. 1842). By 1880, they lived at 503 Christian Street and their household included ten children ranging in age from one month to twenty-three years of age. By 1880, Edward was unemployed due to "piles" with his wife suffering from heart disease.

: Carlin, Daniel; Daniel Carlin, born circa 1826 in Pennsylvania, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia between 1852 and 1866. In 1855 Carlin was employed by P. S. Duval & Co. at their 5 Ranstead Place establishment. By the late 1850s, the United States Custom House employed Carlin, as a "day inspector," and it is unclear if he performed any lithographic work for them., Carlin and his wife, Sarah (b. ca. 1827), had five children by 1860. They lived in Wards 2 and 4 of the city, first at 607 Marriott (i.e. Montrose) Street, then settled at 903 Tasker Street in the 1860s. By 1870, Sarah E. Carlin was the head of the household, with two sons, Charles (b. 1850) and George W. (b. 1853), both employed in the printing trade.

: Carr, Richard; Richard Carr, born about 1801 in England, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia between 1846 and 1870. During this time period, Carr and his family resided in Wards 1 and 6 in South Philadelphia, usually near Washington Avenue, east of Seventh Street. His wife, Keziah (b. 1803), and son, Richard (b. 1833), were also born in England, but his three younger sons, Samuel (b. 1835), William (b. 1837), and John (b. 1840) were born in the United States.

: HSP-Cassin-UPA-Ph-F-158-9-I6-C36-1892.jpg; John Cassin, preeminent U.S. ornithologist, and author of ornithological treatises, born September 6, 1813 near Media, Pennsylvania, was a partner in the Philadelphia lithographic firm Bowen & Co. 1859-1867. Descended from an Irish, Quaker family, Cassin pursued the study of natural science from the time of his primary education at the Westtown School, and in 1842, he was made honorary curator of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences., A resident of Philadelphia from 1834, Cassin worked as a provisions dealer and custom house officer before entering the lithographic trade ca. 1856 in association with John T. Bowen. Bowen, known for his hand-colored plate work for natural science texts issued Cassin's "Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, and British and Russian America" (1856). He also later paid Cassin $5,320 to draw, print and hand color 2,000 copies each of 38 plates of birds brought back from the Pacific Railroad Surveys (a total of 76,000 plates at a cost of 7 cents apiece). Following Bowen's death in 1856, Cassin served as one of the appraisers of his estate and later assumed the Bowen firm with his widow Lavinia as Bowen & Co. in 1858. During his time at Bowen & Co., Cassin produced lithographs for government reports and the firm printed the plates for his jointly-authored "Birds of North America" (1860). Cassin left the lithographic trade in 1867 and died two years later on January 10, 1869. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery., Cassin was married to Hannah (b. ca. 1820) with whom he had two children. He also served on the City Council and was a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Zoological Society, the American Philosophical Society, and The Historical Society of Pennsylvania

: Caterson, James H.; James H. Caterson, born ca. 1836, worked as a lithographer and printer in Philadelphia at 23 South Seventh Street between 1867 and 1873. Before entering the lithographic trade, he worked with his brother, William Caterson, as a member of the Caterson Brothers Company (727 Sansom), a manufacturer of passé partouts (or skeleton keys). After 1873, he departed the trade and became a dealer of photographic materials. He lived at 516 Pine Street 1867-1868, before eventually relocating to 604 North Eleventh Street by 1881. There, he lived with his wife Hannah (b. 1840) and two children, Mary (b. 1861) and Alfred (b. 1865).

: Certier, George; George Certier, born in France ca. 1831, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia from 1856 to 1859. Certier was employed by Wagner & McGuigan at 4 Franklin Place in 1856 and 34 Franklin Place in 1858. In 1857, he worked for L. N. Rosenthal at the northwest corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets. Certier shared the same home addresses as lithographers Jerome Bastian (southwest corner of Fifth and Spruce Streets in 1856) and Simon Rosenthal, brother of Louis N. (7 Powell, i.e. Delancey, Street in 1857)., By 1850, Certier resided with his parents in the Chestnut Ward in Philadelphia. Included in their household was German engraver Maurice Geienshoper and French engraver Maximilian Bellay. Certier's father, also George (b. ca. 1803), was a watch spring maker, saloon/liquor store owner, and printer, active in Philadelphia between 1845 and 1873, predominately while tenanting 235 Union (i.e. Delancey) Street . George, Sr. also appears to have been associated with French-born Philadelphia lithographer Alphonse Brett . The two men are listed as passengers who traveled between LeHavre, France and New York on the ship Elizabeth in January of 1851. Whether George, Jr. had an association is undetermined.

: Cerveau; Cerveau, was a partner in Wagner & Cerveau, at "n.w. cor. of Walnut & 2nd" Street who issued ca. mid 1830s-mid 1850s the portrait lithograph "John Vaughan, Esq. From the original picture by T. B. Welch in the possession of Jacob Snider, Jun.", Peter suggests Thomas Wagner as the partner. Given the period of Wagner's activeness in the lithographic trade, the print and partnership would date to the early 1840s.

: Charbonnier, Henry; Henry Charbonnier worked as a lithographer and printer in Philadelphia 1849- 1860. From 1855 to 1860 he worked at various P. S. Duval & Co. establishments, including 5 Ranstead Place (1855), 8 South Fifth Street (1857), and 22 South Fifth Street (1859). During this time, he was named in the insolvency petition of Duval and resided at Little Washington near Seventh Street, also home to lithographer Richard Carr in 1852., His wife was probably Josephine Charbonnier (b. ca. 1802), listed in the 1860 city directory as "wid Henry." By 1870, she resided in Ward 1 of the city with Alfred Charbonnier (b. ca. 1846), most likely their son.

: Chevalier, J. B. (John B.); John B. Chevalier, naturalist, professor and lithographer, born in 1813 in Lyon, France, was a partner in Wild & Chevalier, the Philadelphia lithographic establishment noted for the publication of John C. Wild's "Views of Philadelphia" (1838). Chevalier started his lithographic career in Philadelphia ca. 1837, probably as the manager in his partnership with Swiss-born lithographer John C. Wild. He assumed sole proprietorship of the business in 1838 and issued an expanded edition of the "Views" later that year. Listed in city directories as a lithographer until 1841, Chevalier also issued from 1840 to 1842 his friend J. J. Audubon's "Birds of North America" in miniature, illustrated with lithographs by J. T. Bowen., In 1840 Chevalier lived at 40 (i.e., 100 block) Pine Street in the Locust Ward as the head of a household of 2 males under 5 years of age, a male between 20 and 30 years of age, and two females, one between 20 and 30 years of age and the other between 15 and 20 years of age. A year later he relocated to 56 South Twelfth Street. By the end of the decade, in 1848, Chevalier worked as a French teacher with a residence at 69 Locust Street and in January 1849 he received a passport in the city as a naturalized citizen. The reason Chevalier attained the passport is unknown, but by 1851 Chevalier had relocated to near San Francisco, California where he worked as a mining agent and later a professor of languages. He died on November 28, 1870 described in the San Francisco Bulletin as "a teacher of languages" and "an ardent naturalist, and a warm friend of Audubon..."

: Chevalier, Leonard F.; Leonard Chevalier, born in France about 1820, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey between 1852 and 1861. In 1858, he worked for P. S. Duval & Co. at 22 South Fifth Street., In 1850, Chevalier resided in the Southwark Ward of the city (Ward 4) with Susan Chevalier (b. ca. 1829) and the Dorff family. By 1853, the Chevaliers were living in Camden, NJ.

: Childs & Inman; Childs & Inman, the partnership between Philadelphia engraver and lithographer Cephas G. Childs and New York portrait painter Henry Inman, was active 1830-1833 on Walnut Street near Fourth Street. One of the earliest premier lithographic firms in the city, Childs & Inman succeeded the firm of Pendleton, Kearny & Childs and was noted for lithographs eliciting the "spirit and freedom of execution, which no merely imitative art can ascertain." Through the first year of the partnership, Inman remained in New York and coordinated with Childs about the business through correspondence. While outside of Philadelphia, Inman acted not only as the head artist, but as a business agent. He interacted with print sellers to gauge the state of the market for lithographs; purchased and shipped supplies; and suggested artists, such as James Clonney for employment., Other artists employed by Childs & Inman included George Lehman, who later becomes Childs's partner; Thomas Doughty; E. W. Clay; Albert Newsam; W. H. Hay; and H. E. Sauinier. Renown printer P. S. Duval also entered the firm in September 1831 after he was recruited in Europe by Childs who was traveling abroad to better learn the trade., Childs & Inman printed city and town views, portraits, political caricatures, advertisements and plates for J. & T. Doughty's "Cabinet of Natural History," and McKenney & Hall's "History of the Indian Tribes of North America." In 1833, Inman left the partnership and Childs continued proprietorship of the firm with artist Lehman under the business name Childs & Lehman.

: Childs & Lehman; Childs & Lehman, the partnership between engraver and lithographer Cephas G. Childs and lithographer, engraver, and painter George Lehman, was active 1833-1835. The successor firm to Childs & Inman, the establishment predominately issued cityscape views, such as "Philadelphia Arcade," maps, and portraits, including plates for McKenney & Hall's "History of the Indian Tribes of North America," as well as the allegorical temperance print "Look Upon This Picture and On This" (ca. 1834). In 1834, P. S. Duval purchased Childs' share of the business for $750 and the firm was reestablished as Lehman & Duval.

: AAS-Childs-LithfChildCopy1.jpg; Cephas G. Childs, one of the foremost engravers in Philadelphia, born on September 8, 1793 in Plumstead Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, managed some of the earliest premier commercial lithograph firms in the city. Through his partnerships in the firms Pendleton, Kearny & Childs (1829-1830), Childs & Inman (1830-1833), and Childs & Lehman (1833-1835), along with his active pursuit of skilled artists and lithographers, such as Albert Newsam, P. S. Duval and Henry Inman, Childs facilitated the growth and popularity of lithography as a printing medium in Philadelphia., Childs entered the printing trades in 1812 following the early loss of his parents. He was apprenticed to Philadelphia bank note engraver Gideon Fairman of the firm Murray, Draper, Fairman & Co. on Sansom Street above Eighth Street. The following year Childs enlisted with the Washington Guards and began his lifelong involvement in volunteer military organizations, including the Washington Greys of Philadelphia, who elected him Lieutenant Colonel in December 1825., Even though Childs established his own business in 1818, he continued to work on commissions with Fairman, including the portrait engraving of the head of Washington (1823), portraits of General Jackson and Lafayette (1824), and miscellaneous engraved book illustrations. Between 1827 and 1830, Childs completed his most noted project to date - "Views of Philadelphia." The guidebook, issued in six parts of twenty-four plates by local artists and engravers, depicted the landmarks of Philadelphia and was praised in the National Gazette, "we have seen no publication of the kind more deserving of the patronage of Pennsylvania, or more likely to succeed in other parts of the Union, particularly the chief cities. We hope that it will be widely spread.", Between 1829 and 1830 Childs began his lithographic career and worked in the partnership Pendleton, Kearny & Childs (185, i.e., 500 block, Chestnut Street) and printed and published lithographs delineated by Hugh Bridport, E. W. Clay, Albert Newsam, and Moses Swett. The brief partnership ended with Pendleton relocating to New York ca. 1830 and by January 1830 Childs had "the whole lithographic establishment in Chestnut Street." Childs subsequently partnered with New York portrait painter Henry Inman in Childs & Inman. The lithographic firm, often praised in the local press, worked on the seminal McKenney & Hall's "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" and issued city and town views, portraits, political caricatures, natural history prints, and advertisements delineated by Albert Newsam, George Lehman, Thomas Doughty, and E. W. Clay. By May 1, 1830, the firm operated from 80 Walnut Street (i.e., Fourth and Walnut Streets), The following year, Childs set out in the spring on a voyage to Europe to better learn the trade (his passport application dated May 13, 1831). He returned to Philadelphia that fall, with permanent injuries received during his trip, as well as with French-born lithographer P. S. Duval to bolster the experience of his firm. In 1833 Childs & Inman dissolved and Childs partnered with Lehman, an engraver and lithographer with whom he associated as early as 1827. As Childs & Lehman (43-45 Walnut Street), the firm predominately created lithographs of public landmarks in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, including views of "Eastern Penitentiary," "Fairmount Waterworks," "Philadelphia Arcade," and "Coal Mine at Maunch Chunk." By 1835, his injury sustained abroad and financial failings ended his career in the trade. Duval bought Childs' share of the business at the end of 1834 and the firm was reestablished as Lehman & Duval., Subsequently, Childs transitioned into editing and publishing, and published "The Commercial List and Price Current" from offices at 221 Dock Street. He retired from the "Current" in 1852, and served as the president of the New Creek Coal Company. He owned real estate valued at $20,000 during his tenure with the company. Childs was also a member of the Library Company of Philadelphia and a director of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, According to censuses and city directories, Childs was married first to Ann (b. ca. 1807) (1850 census) and later Francis (b. ca. 1817) in 1866. In 1840 he resided in the South Mulberry Ward at 365 Mulberry (i.e., Arch) Street. By 1850, he had relocated to “Inglewood Cottage” at 150 Bethlehem Pike in Chestnut Hill. He remained at the residence designed by Thomas Ustick Walter until his death on July 7, 1871.

: Childs, John; John Childs, artist and lithographer, born in England ca. 1819, was a prolific publisher of lithographic cartoons, genre scenes, and social satires in the mid 19th century. Residing in New York by 1830, Childs initially worked as predominately a colorist. By the late 1830s and early 1840s, he operated his own printing establishment and printed several political cartoons drawn by lithographic artist Edward W. Clay., Following a brief residency in Boston and the exhibition of an oil painting at the American Institute (NYC) in 1845, Childs relocated to Philadelphia and exhibited two oil paintings at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1847. From 1848 to 1852, he worked from the lithographic establishment of Frederick Kuhl (46 1/2 Walnut Street), and issued the infamous depiction of members of the Philadelphia gang "The Killers." Childs established his own studio at 84 (i.e., 154) South Third Street before 1855 and as in New York, issued predominately cartoons as well as genre and disaster scenes. In 1855, he also partnered with George R. Curtis in the short-lived firm (less than a year) of John Childs & Co., picture frame makers. By 1860, Childs began to publish prints from 63 North Second Street, including a variant of his amusing 1857 caricature of Philadelphia drunkards, "Three in the Morning," originally titled "3 o'clock in the Morning" in English and German. By the mid 1860s, Childs was predominately listed as an artist in directories although an 1864 print "The Generals" (Harry T. Peters Collection, Smithsonian) bears his imprint as a lithographer. In the 1870s, he devoted most of his time "to touching up, maps, charts, etc.", Childs was married to Mary (b. ca. 1830) with whom he had two children Louisa (b. ca. 1854) and William (b. ca. 1864). During much of his career in Philadelphia, he resided in Center City and South Philadelphia (Bella Vista) and by 1870 at 764 South Fourth Street., Childs died on May 27, 1880; his body discovered by concerned friends from his "usual haunts" who broke down his door at his room and studio at 727 Sansom Street. He was survived by his two children who resided in North Wales, Pa.

: Smithsonian-GraphicArts-Chillas.jpg; David Chillas, born ca. 1817 in Scotland, worked as a lithographer in Philadelphia from 1852 to 1858. Chillas immigrated to Philadelphia by 1842 where he was naturalized on April 18, 1842. A lithographer of "labels, illustrations, maps, charts &c., executed in the best and most expeditious manner," Chillas entered the trade in 1852 when he partnered with Alphonse Brett (A. Brett & Co.) at Goldsmiths' Hall on Library Street near Fifth Street. Following the dissolution of the partnership in February 1853 and public auction of A. Brett & Co.'s stock, including lithographic plates, Chillas established his own firm at 50 (i.e., 112-114) South Third Street, later known as the Bulletin Building. He operated at the location producing advertisements, cityscapes, and certificates until 1858 when he left the trade and relocated to Delaware to farm., After Chillas arrived in Philadelphia in 1842 and before entering lithography, he worked as a merchant at the North American Coal Company (99 South Front Street) with his older brother Arthur (b. ca. 1810), president of the firm since 1839. After marrying Philadelphia-native Mary F. B. de la Roche in the fall of 1842, David relocated to Pottsville as an assignee, resident agent, and coal operator for the coal company. By 1850 he still resided at the Pottsville South Ward with his family, including two children, Louisa (b. ca. 1843) and Arthur (b. ca. 1849). By 1853 he resided at 7 South Penn Square in Philadelphia when he established his own lithographic firm. Chillas and his wife, while living in Philadelphia, had two more children, Emma (b. 1853) and Richard (b. 1855). Additional children Frances (b. 1858) and David W. (b. 1859) would be born in Delaware., Following his relocation to Delaware, the December 6, 1859 edition of the "Baltimore Sun" noted the sale of Chilas's 131-acre farm near Newark, Delaware to Thomas Lum of Philadelphia for $11,250. He remained as a Delaware farmer as of the 1860 census when listed at Mill Creek Hundred with real estate valued at $67,000 and a personal estate worth $5,000. During the Civil War, he earned enough income to be taxed by the I.R.S. (1862-1863) and published several advertisements for "water power to rent" from his Newark, Delaware location in 1864 in Philadelphia, New York and Delaware newspapers. Although still listed in the 1870 census at Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle, Delaware, with real estate valued at $25,000 and a personal estate worth $2,640, he possibly was the David Chillas who worked as a retail dealer in Burning Springs, West Virginia as noted in the 1865 I.R.S. tax assessments. According to the Federal census mortality schedule index lists, Chillas died at the age of sixty-three as a farmer in New Castle County, Delaware in 1880.

: Christy, William M.; William M. Christy (firm) was a stationery, blank book manufactory, lithography and job printing business active ca. 1849-ca. 1900. Established by William Christy as a stationery ca. 1849 (82 Chestnut Street), the business expanded to include blank book manufactory and job printing by 1857 when it relocated to 127 South Third Street, opposite Girard Bank. By 1868, Christy added lithography to its printing services and the firm advertised the availability of lithographic checks and notes., Christy, born of Irish-descent in Philadelphia January 9, 1820, was married to Mary J. (b. ca. 1825) with whom he had eight children, including sons William B. (b. ca. 1848) and Joseph (b. ca. 1855). In 1850, the Christy family resided in the Southwark Ward and by 1860 in West Philadelphia. Christy was also a member of the Hibernian Society (elected 1854) and the Board of City Trusts, as well as an editor of the "Godey's Lady's Book"( before 1841). Christy died January 9, 1866 with presumably his son William assuming operations of the business. By 1878, the firm was renamed William M. Christy's Sons and under the proprietorship of William and Joseph Christy who resided at 3909 Spruce Street (West Philadelphia). The firm was still active as of 1896 at 312 Chestnut Street.

: Church Lith. Co.; Church Lith. Co. issued lithographic church views, including "St. Alphonsu's [sic] Church. Philadelphia" (ca. 1885) and St. Ann's Church (ca. 1895).

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